[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [Anaesthesia and ICU](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/) › By patient and by surgery # By patient and by surgery How anaesthesia changes for heart, lung, kidney and liver disease, pregnancy, children, older adults and each kind of surgery. 17 pages - [**Ambulatory surgery and anaesthesia outside the operating room** Same-day surgery and sedation or anaesthesia given in places like endoscopy, scanners or the…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/ambulatory-surgery-and-anaesthesia-outside-the-operating-room/) - [**Anaesthesia for cardiac surgery, in principle** Heart operations often stop the heart while a machine pumps and oxygenates the blood; the…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/anaesthesia-for-cardiac-surgery-in-principle/) - [**Diabetes and other endocrine disease** Diabetes, high blood pressure and hormone-making tumours change how the body handles stress…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/diabetes-and-other-endocrine-disease/) - [**ENT surgery and the shared airway** In ear, nose and throat surgery the surgeon works in the airway the anaesthetist must keep open…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/ent-surgery-and-the-shared-airway/) - [**Eye surgery** Most eye operations are done awake with numbing drops or an injection around the eye; the team…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/eye-surgery/) - [**Neuromuscular disease and anaesthesia** Diseases of nerves and muscles change how muscle relaxants work and weaken breathing, so…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/neuromuscular-disease-and-anaesthesia/) - [**Neurosurgery and raised intracranial pressure** Inside the skull there is little room; anaesthesia for brain surgery keeps pressure down and…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/neurosurgery-and-raised-intracranial-pressure/) - [**Obstetric anaesthesia and caesarean section** Anaesthesia for a pregnant woman, usually for caesarean birth, where two patients are cared for…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/obstetric-anaesthesia-and-caesarean-section/) - [**Orthopaedic surgery: tourniquets, cement and blood loss** Bone and joint operations bring their own dangers, such as tourniquet pain, reactions to bone…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/orthopaedic-surgery-tourniquets-cement-and-blood-loss/) - [**Paediatric anaesthesia** Anaesthesia for babies and children, whose airways, breathing and drug handling differ from…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/paediatric-anaesthesia/) - [**The older patient** Anaesthesia for older adults, who have less reserve, take more medicines and are more prone to…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/the-older-patient/) - [**The patient with heart disease having non-cardiac surgery** A weak or narrowed heart copes badly with the stress of surgery, so the anaesthetist plans to…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/the-patient-with-heart-disease-having-non-cardiac-surgery/) - [**The patient with kidney disease** Weak kidneys clear many anaesthetic drugs slowly and struggle with potassium and fluid, so…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/the-patient-with-kidney-disease/) - [**The patient with liver disease** A scarred liver clears drugs slowly, makes fewer clotting proteins and copes badly with low…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/the-patient-with-liver-disease/) - [**The patient with lung disease (asthma, COPD, OSA)** Asthma, chronic lung disease and sleep apnoea make the airway twitchy or easily blocked, so…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/the-patient-with-lung-disease/) - [**Thoracic surgery and one-lung ventilation** In chest surgery one lung is often deflated so the surgeon can work; the other lung must carry…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/thoracic-surgery-and-one-lung-ventilation/) - [**Trauma and emergency surgery** Anaesthesia for an injured or acutely ill patient who may be bleeding, has a full stomach and…](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/trauma-and-emergency-surgery/) ## A to Z - [A](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/a/) - [B](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/b/) - [C](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/c/) - [D](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/d/) - [E](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/e/) - [F](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/f/) - [G](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/g/) - [H](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/h/) - [I](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/i/) - [L](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/l/) - [M](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/m/) - [N](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/n/) - [O](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/o/) - [P](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/p/) - [R](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/r/) - [S](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/s/) - [T](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/t/) - [V](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/v/) - [W](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/a-z/w/) [← Anaesthesia and critical care](https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/) Educational content; it does not replace supervised training, your institution's protocols or the anaesthetist's or intensivist's decision. It contains no doses and no ventilator or infusion settings. Representative model, for educational purposes only. --- Source: https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/areas/by-patient/ License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/anaesthesia/areas/by-patient/