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# Psychodynamic therapy, transference and countertransference

- Technique

A therapy that looks for old, partly unconscious patterns in how a person feels and relates, including how they relate to the therapist.

Updated Nov 5, 2026

## Key points

- Transference: the patient redirects feelings and expectations from important past figures (often parents) onto the clinician.
- Countertransference: the clinician's own emotional reactions to the patient; useful information if noticed, harmful if acted on.
- Resistance: anything that blocks the work (missed sessions, changing the subject, silence), often a sign of a painful theme.
- Classic techniques are free association, interpretation, and analysis of defenses and transference; the goal is insight.
- Psychoanalysis is the long, intensive form (several sessions a week, often on the couch); brief psychodynamic therapy is time-limited and focal.

## What it is

Psychodynamic therapy descends from Freud's psychoanalysis but is usually shorter, face to face and more focused. It assumes that feelings and conflicts outside awareness shape present symptoms and relationships, and that they show up again in the therapy itself. The therapist listens for recurring themes, defenses, resistance and transference, and helps the patient gain insight and practise new ways of relating. Many of Freud's original theories are contested or untestable, but time-limited psychodynamic therapy has trial evidence for depression and some personality problems.

## Key facts

- Transference happens in every clinical relationship, not only in therapy: a patient may treat a young doctor like an untrustworthy older sibling.
- Countertransference in medicine shows up as unusual irritation, rescue fantasies or avoidance of a patient; noticing it protects care.
- The therapeutic alliance, the working partnership between patient and therapist, is distinct from transference and is needed for the work.
- Supportive techniques (strengthening healthy defenses) and expressive techniques (uncovering conflict) sit on a spectrum; most psychodynamic therapists mix them.
- Transference-focused therapy and mentalization-based treatment are psychodynamic models adapted for borderline personality disorder.

## How it is done

- Set a stable frame: same time and place, agreed length, confidentiality and goals.
- Invite the patient to speak freely (free association) about feelings, dreams, memories and relationships.
- Listen for repeated themes, defenses and moments of resistance, and name them gently.
- Notice how the patient relates to the therapist (transference) and what the therapist feels (countertransference).
- Offer interpretations linking the present, the past and the therapy relationship.
- Work through: revisit the same pattern in new situations until change holds.
- Plan the ending; termination itself often brings up themes of loss to explore.

## Core psychodynamic terms, with an example

| Term | What it means | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Transference | Feelings from earlier relationships redirected onto the clinician | A patient whose father was harsh expects the doctor to scold him and hides that he stopped his treatment |
| Countertransference | The clinician's emotional reaction to the patient | A resident feels unusually protective of a patient who reminds her of her grandmother and skips a needed difficult question |
| Resistance | Opposition to the work of therapy, often unconscious | A patient arrives late every time the topic of her divorce is planned |
| Free association | Saying whatever comes to mind without filtering | Talking about a hospital smell leads to a memory of a parent's illness |
| Interpretation | The therapist proposes a link the patient had not made | Pointing out that anger at every boss resembles anger at a controlling parent |
| Working through | Repeating insight in new contexts until behavior changes | Recognizing the same fear of abandonment with a partner, a friend and the therapist |

## Clinical notes

- Every physician meets transference: a patient who idealizes or devalues the doctor is often replaying an older relationship, and boundaries help both.
- A strong urge to rescue, punish or avoid a patient is a cue to pause, reflect or ask a colleague, not to act on it.

## Memory aid

Transference travels from patient to doctor; countertransference comes back from doctor to patient; resistance is the road block in between.

## Test yourself

Think of the answer, then tap the question to see it.

## What is transference?

The patient's redirection of feelings and expectations from important earlier relationships onto the clinician.

## A doctor notices strong irritation every time one particular patient calls. What is this called?

Countertransference: the clinician's own emotional reaction to the patient.

## How does brief psychodynamic therapy differ from classic psychoanalysis?

It is time-limited, face to face, less frequent and focused on a central conflict, while psychoanalysis is long and intensive.

## What is resistance in psychodynamic therapy?

Anything that blocks the therapeutic work, such as lateness, silence or changing the subject, often near a painful topic.

[Add to my cards (4)](https://durgical.app/estudiar/?add=/en/behavioral-science/psychodynamic-therapy-transference-and-countertransference/)

## Elsewhere in DurgiPedia

- [Interviewing in special situations: interpreters and breaking bad news](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/interviewing-in-special-situations-interpreters-and-breaking-bad-news/)

## Connections

## Related 7

- [Defense mechanisms: what they are and how they are ranked](https://durgical.com/en/behavioral-science/defense-mechanisms-what-they-are-and-how-they-are-ranked/)
- [Immature defense mechanisms](https://durgical.com/en/behavioral-science/immature-defense-mechanisms/)
- [Neurotic and mature defense mechanisms](https://durgical.com/en/behavioral-science/neurotic-and-mature-defense-mechanisms/)
- [Personality: traits, the Big Five and Freud's models](https://durgical.com/en/behavioral-science/personality-traits-the-big-five-and-freud-s-models/)
- [Psychotherapies: which one for what](https://durgical.com/en/behavioral-science/psychotherapies-which-one-for-what/)
- [Difficult encounters: anger, demands and boundaries](https://durgical.com/en/behavioral-science/difficult-encounters-anger-demands-and-boundaries/)
- [Crisis intervention and supportive psychotherapy](https://durgical.com/en/behavioral-science/crisis-intervention-and-supportive-psychotherapy/)

## Related conditions 2

- [Personality disorders (clusters A, B and C)](https://durgical.com/en/conditions/personality-disorders/)
- [Major depressive disorder](https://durgical.com/en/conditions/major-depressive-disorder/)

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Educational content on behavior and the clinical relationship; not a diagnostic or treatment guide and no substitute for assessment by a health professional. If you or someone near you is at risk, seek help now from an emergency service or a mental-health helpline.

Sources: [Depression](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression) (National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2024); [Transference interpretation and psychotherapy outcome: a systematic review of a no-consensus relationship](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11116935/) (Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome (PubMed Central), 2024).

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