[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [Clinical exam](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/) › Kidney, genitourinary, breast and obstetric exam

# Kidney, genitourinary, breast and obstetric exam

Urinary symptoms, kidney and bladder, genitals, breast, the pelvic exam and Leopold maneuvers.

12 pages

## Exam technique

- [**Bladder examination: the distended bladder** A full bladder that cannot empty forms a round lump above the pubic bone](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/bladder-examination-the-distended-bladder/)
- [**Clinical breast examination** A check of both breasts and armpits, with consent and a chaperone, to find lumps, skin or nipple…](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/clinical-breast-examination/)
- [**Gynecologic examination: speculum and bimanual exam** A check of the external genitals, of the cervix with a speculum, and of the uterus and ovaries…](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/gynecologic-examination-speculum-and-bimanual-exam/)
- [**Male genital exam: transillumination, cremasteric reflex, Prehn sign** A respectful check of the penis, scrotum and testes, with consent and a chaperone, to find…](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/male-genital-exam-transillumination-cremasteric-reflex-prehn-sign/)

## Maneuver

- [**Kidney palpation: bimanual palpation and ballottement** The kidney is felt with one hand under the back and one on the belly while the patient breathes…](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/kidney-palpation-bimanual-palpation-and-ballottement/)
- [**Leopold maneuvers** Four hand maneuvers on a pregnant abdomen that show how the baby lies inside the uterus](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/leopold-maneuvers/)

## Syndrome

- [**Nephrotic vs nephritic syndrome** Two ways the kidney's filter is damaged: one leaks a lot of protein and causes swelling; the…](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/nephrotic-vs-nephritic-syndrome/)
- [**Uremic syndrome and the signs of chronic kidney disease** When the kidneys fail, waste builds up in the blood and brings pallor, itching, nausea, bad…](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/uremic-syndrome-and-the-signs-of-chronic-kidney-disease/)

## Topic

- [**The patient with hematuria: glomerular or urological** Blood in the urine can come from the kidney filters or from anywhere along the urinary tract](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/the-patient-with-hematuria-glomerular-or-urological/)
- [**The patient with polyuria: water or solute diuresis** Passing large amounts of urine is different from going often](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/the-patient-with-polyuria-water-or-solute-diuresis/)
- [**The patient with proteinuria: transient, orthostatic or persistent** Protein in the urine is often harmless and passing, but when it persists it is a sign of kidney…](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/the-patient-with-proteinuria-transient-orthostatic-or-persistent/)
- [**Urinary symptoms: dysuria, frequency, oliguria and hematuria** Burning when passing urine, passing urine very often, passing very little, or seeing blood: what…](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/urinary-symptoms-dysuria-frequency-oliguria-and-hematuria/)

## A to Z

- [A](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/a/)
- [B](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/b/)
- [C](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/c/)
- [D](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/d/)
- [E](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/e/)
- [F](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/f/)
- [G](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/g/)
- [H](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/h/)
- [I](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/i/)
- [J](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/j/)
- [K](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/k/)
- [L](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/l/)
- [M](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/m/)
- [N](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/n/)
- [O](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/o/)
- [P](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/p/)
- [R](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/r/)
- [S](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/s/)
- [T](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/t/)
- [U](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/u/)
- [V](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/v/)
- [W](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/a-z/w/)

[← Clinical examination](https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/)

Educational content on the clinical exam; it is learned and practised under supervision. It does not replace assessment by a health professional and is not for self-diagnosis.

Representative model, for educational purposes only.

---
Source: https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/areas/renal/
License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/clinical-exam/areas/renal/