[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › Dentistry # Dentistry Teeth, gums and mouth: exam, emergencies and drugs. 102 pages ## Start here - [Procedure **Cavity classes and preparation principles** Black's classes name a cavity by where it sits on the tooth](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/cavity-classes-and-preparation-principles/) - [Examination **Endodontic diagnosis: naming pulp and apical disease** Every endodontic diagnosis has two parts: the state of the pulp and the state of the tissues…](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/endodontic-diagnosis-naming-pulp-and-apical-disease/) - [Oral pathology **The tongue: geographic tongue, glossitis and what to worry about** Many tongue changes are harmless variants](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/the-tongue-geographic-tongue-glossitis-and-what-to-worry-about/) - [Drugs **Dental nerve blocks and infiltration: the anatomy behind them** Upper teeth are numbed by soaking anaesthetic through thin bone; lower back teeth need a block…](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/dental-nerve-blocks-and-infiltration-the-anatomy-behind-them/) - [Anatomy and histology **Nerves of the teeth and mouth: trigeminal (V) and facial (VII)** The trigeminal nerve carries feeling from the teeth and mouth; the facial nerve moves the face](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/nerves-of-the-teeth-and-mouth-trigeminal-and-facial/) - [Approach to a complaint **Toothache: approach** Most toothache is from caries reaching the pulp](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/toothache-approach/) - [Mouth and systemic disease **The mouth as a mirror: oral signs of systemic disease** Many general diseases show first in the mouth: bleeding gums in leukaemia, thrush in HIV, a…](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/the-mouth-as-a-mirror-oral-signs-of-systemic-disease/) - [Examination **Occlusion and malocclusion: Angle classes and when to refer** Occlusion is how upper and lower teeth meet](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/occlusion-and-malocclusion-angle-classes-and-when-to-refer/) ## Areas - [**Restorative dentistry and materials** 15 pages Cavity classes and preparation principles · Dentine hypersensitivity · Dental amalgam: mercury, safety and the phase-down](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/restorative/) - [**E** **Endodontics** 13 pages Endodontic diagnosis: naming pulp and apical disease · Endodontic surgery: apicoectomy · Endodontic–periodontal lesions](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/endodontics/) - [**Oral mucosal lesions** 11 pages The tongue: geographic tongue, glossitis and what to worry about · Herpes in the mouth: primary gingivostomatitis and cold sores · Mucocele and ranula: bluish swellings from salivary glands](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/oral-lesions/) - [**Drugs in dentistry** 11 pages Dental nerve blocks and infiltration: the anatomy behind them · Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw · Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/drugs/) - [**Dental anatomy and histology** 10 pages Nerves of the teeth and mouth: trigeminal (V) and facial (VII) · Maxilla and mandible: applied anatomy for dentistry · Temporomandibular joint and the muscles of mastication](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/anatomy-histology/) - [**Dental emergencies and trauma** 10 pages Toothache: approach · Jaw dislocation: the mouth stuck open · Ludwig angina: airway first](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/emergencies/) - [**The mouth in systemic disease** 10 pages The mouth as a mirror: oral signs of systemic disease · Gut and autoimmune disease in the mouth · Blood disorders in the mouth: leukaemia, anaemia and bleeding](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/systemic/) - [**The oral and dental exam** 7 pages Occlusion and malocclusion: Angle classes and when to refer · The systematic oral exam: outside in · Dental imaging: bitewing, periapical, panoramic and CBCT](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/exam/) - [**Caries, pulp and tooth wear** 6 pages Tooth wear and sensitivity: erosion, attrition, abrasion and bruxism · Early childhood caries · How caries forms: biofilm, sugar and demineralisation](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/caries-pulp/) - [**Gums and periodontium** 6 pages Periodontitis: stages, grades and links with general health · Bad breath (halitosis): approach · Gingival overgrowth: drugs, leukaemia and other causes](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/periodontal/) - [**Prevention and oral health in Colombia** 3 pages When the doctor should refer to the dentist, and how urgently · Oral health in Colombia: the routine care pathway · Preventing caries: fluoride, sealants and diet](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/areas/prevention/) - ## A to Z - [A](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/a/) - [B](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/b/) - [C](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/c/) - [D](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/d/) - [E](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/e/) - [F](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/f/) - [G](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/g/) - [H](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/h/) - [I](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/i/) - [J](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/j/) - [K](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/k/) - [L](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/l/) - [M](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/m/) - [N](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/n/) - [O](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/o/) - [P](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/p/) - [R](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/r/) - [S](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/s/) - [T](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/t/) - [V](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/v/) - [W](https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/a-z/w/) ## About this section Teeth and the mouth for the student and the doctor: the anatomy and histology of the tooth and periodontium, the oral exam step by step, caries and the pulp, gum disease, oral mucosal lesions, dental emergencies and trauma, what the mouth reveals about systemic disease, and the drugs used in dentistry (local anaesthetics, analgesics and antibiotics, by generic name and without doses). Every page ends with the next step: workup, initial management and when to refer. The diseases (dental caries, periodontitis, TMJ disorder…) are condition pages; each page links them. Educational content; it does not replace assessment by a dentist or doctor and is not a clinical instruction. For facial or neck swelling with difficulty swallowing or breathing, a knocked-out tooth or bleeding that will not stop, go to an emergency department at once. Representative model, for educational purposes only. --- Source: https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/ License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/dentistry/