[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [ENT](https://durgical.com/en/ent/) › Applied anatomy and physiology # Applied anatomy and physiology Ear, nose and sinuses, pharynx, larynx, salivary glands and neck, with the physiology used in clinic. 15 pages ## Applied anatomy - [**Balance for the clinic: the vestibulo-ocular reflex and nystagmus** The inner ear keeps the eyes steady when the head moves; when one side fails, the eyes drift and…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/balance-for-the-clinic-the-vestibulo-ocular-reflex-and-nystagmus/) - [**Deep neck spaces and cervical lymph node levels** Layers of fascia divide the neck into spaces where infection can spread down to the chest; neck…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/deep-neck-spaces-and-cervical-lymph-node-levels/) - [**External and middle ear: applied anatomy** The outer ear funnels sound to the eardrum; three tiny bones in the air-filled middle ear pass…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/external-and-middle-ear-applied-anatomy/) - [**Facial nerve: course, branches and site of the lesion** The facial nerve moves the face and also carries tears, saliva, taste and the stapedius reflex…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/facial-nerve-course-branches-and-site-of-the-lesion/) - [**Hearing for the clinic: conductive and sensorineural loss** Hearing loss is conductive when sound cannot reach the inner ear and sensorineural when the…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/hearing-for-the-clinic-conductive-and-sensorineural-loss/) - [**Inner ear: cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals in the clinic** The inner ear turns sound into nerve signals in the cochlea and senses head movement in the…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/inner-ear-cochlea-vestibule-and-semicircular-canals-in-the-clinic/) - [**Larynx: cartilages, glottis and laryngeal nerves** The voice box is a frame of cartilages around the vocal folds, moved by two branches of the…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/larynx-cartilages-glottis-and-laryngeal-nerves/) - [**Nasal cavity, septum and Kiesselbach's plexus** Each nasal cavity has a septum in the middle and three turbinates on the side; most nosebleeds…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/nasal-cavity-septum-and-kiesselbach-s-plexus/) - [**Nasal physiology: airflow, the nasal cycle, mucociliary clearance and smell** The nose warms, moistens and cleans the air, alternates which side is more open during the day…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/nasal-physiology-airflow-the-nasal-cycle-mucociliary-clearance-and-smell/) - [**Oral cavity: subsites, lymph drainage and why they matter in cancer** The mouth is divided into small zones; knowing where a lesion sits tells you which neck nodes it…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/oral-cavity-subsites-lymph-drainage-and-why-they-matter-in-cancer/) - [**Paranasal sinuses and the ostiomeatal complex** Four pairs of air spaces drain into the nose through small openings; when the openings swell…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/paranasal-sinuses-and-the-ostiomeatal-complex/) - [**Pharynx and Waldeyer's ring** The throat has three parts behind the nose, mouth and larynx, guarded by a ring of tonsils that…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/pharynx-and-waldeyer-s-ring/) - [**Salivary glands: parotid, submandibular and sublingual** Three pairs of major glands make saliva; stones favour the submandibular gland and tumours the…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/salivary-glands-parotid-submandibular-and-sublingual/) - [**Voice and swallowing: how the larynx and pharynx work** Voice comes from air vibrating the vocal folds; swallowing moves food past the airway in about a…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/voice-and-swallowing-how-the-larynx-and-pharynx-work/) ## Topic - [**Sound and the decibel: the acoustics behind an audiogram** Sound is a pressure wave with a pitch (frequency, in hertz) and a loudness (intensity, in…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/sound-and-the-decibel-the-acoustics-behind-an-audiogram/) ## A to Z - [A](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/a/) - [B](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/b/) - [C](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/c/) - [D](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/d/) - [E](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/e/) - [F](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/f/) - [G](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/g/) - [H](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/h/) - [I](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/i/) - [L](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/l/) - [M](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/m/) - [N](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/n/) - [O](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/o/) - [P](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/p/) - [R](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/r/) - [S](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/s/) - [T](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/t/) - [U](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/u/) - [V](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/v/) - [W](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/w/) [← Otolaryngology (ENT)](https://durgical.com/en/ent/) Educational content; it does not replace a medical assessment and is not a clinical instruction. For a real case, follow current guidelines and specialist advice. Representative model, for educational purposes only. --- Source: https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/foundations/ License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/foundations/