[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › ENT # Otolaryngology (ENT) The ear, nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and neck for general practice: the anatomy and physiology used in clinic, the ENT exam step by step, the approach to the commonest complaints (hearing loss, vertigo, nosebleed, sore throat, hoarseness, stridor, neck lump), emergencies, the red flags of head and neck cancer, paediatric ENT and newborn hearing screening in Colombia. Every page ends with the next step: tests, initial management and when to refer. 101 pages ## Start here - [Applied anatomy **Oral cavity: subsites, lymph drainage and why they matter in cancer** The mouth is divided into small zones; knowing where a lesion sits tells you which neck nodes it…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/oral-cavity-subsites-lymph-drainage-and-why-they-matter-in-cancer/) - [Topic **Imaging in ENT: which study for which question** CT shows bone, MRI shows soft tissue and nerves, ultrasound is the first look at a neck lump…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/imaging-in-ent-which-study-for-which-question/) - [Approach to a complaint **Approach to a neck lump in adults** In an adult, a persistent neck lump is cancer until proven otherwise; it is assessed with a head…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/approach-to-a-neck-lump-in-adults/) - [Emergency **Acute facial palsy: Bell's palsy or something else** Sudden weakness of one side of the face: first decide if it is central (stroke) or peripheral…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/acute-facial-palsy-bell-s-palsy-or-something-else/) - [Topic **Granulomatous diseases of the nose: leishmaniasis, leprosy, TB, syphilis, rhinoscleroma, rhinosporidiosis, GPA** Crusting, bleeding and a nose that slowly destroys itself point to chronic infections…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/granulomatous-diseases-of-the-nose-leishmaniasis-leprosy-tb-syphilis-rhinosclero/) - [Procedure **Direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy and oesophagoscopy** With rigid or flexible tubes and anaesthesia, the larynx, trachea, bronchi and oesophagus are…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/direct-laryngoscopy-bronchoscopy-and-oesophagoscopy/) - [Topic **HIV and ENT: what to look for in the ear, nose, mouth and neck** Mouth thrush, white tongue patches, purple lesions or swollen glands can be the first sign of…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/hiv-and-ent-what-to-look-for-in-the-ear-nose-mouth-and-neck/) - [Topic **Complications of otitis media: from mastoiditis to brain abscess** Ear infections can spread to bone, inner ear, facial nerve, veins and brain; fever, headache or…](https://durgical.com/en/ent/complications-of-otitis-media-from-mastoiditis-to-brain-abscess/) ## Areas - [**Applied anatomy and physiology** 15 pages Oral cavity: subsites, lymph drainage and why they matter in cancer · External and middle ear: applied anatomy · Larynx: cartilages, glottis and laryngeal nerves](https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/foundations/) - [**The ENT examination** 14 pages Imaging in ENT: which study for which question · Vestibular laboratory tests: calorics, VNG, video head impulse, VEMP and posturography · Otoscopy: technique and the normal eardrum](https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/exam/) - [**Throat and neck: approach to complaints** 12 pages Approach to a neck lump in adults · Laryngitis and other laryngeal inflammation: acute, chronic, TB, perichondritis and congenital webs · Approach to mouth ulcers](https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/throat/) - [**ENT emergencies** 12 pages Acute facial palsy: Bell's palsy or something else · Deep neck infections: emergency management · Emergency front-of-neck access: cricothyroidotomy and tracheostomy](https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/emergencies/) - [**Nose and sinuses: approach to complaints** 9 pages Granulomatous diseases of the nose: leishmaniasis, leprosy, TB, syphilis, rhinoscleroma, rhinosporidiosis, GPA · Complications of sinusitis: orbital, intracranial and bony · External nose and nasal vestibule: furuncle, vestibulitis, rhinophyma and the danger area of the face](https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/nose/) - [**Procedures and technology** 9 pages Direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy and oesophagoscopy · Endoscopic sinus surgery · Myringoplasty and tympanoplasty](https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/procedures/) - [**Hearing, drugs and referral** 9 pages HIV and ENT: what to look for in the ear, nose, mouth and neck · ENT medicines: ear drops, nasal sprays, decongestants and gargles · Antibiotics in upper respiratory infections: when they help](https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/public-health/) - [**Ear: approach to complaints** 8 pages Complications of otitis media: from mastoiditis to brain abscess · Approach to hearing loss · Approach to vertigo: peripheral or central](https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/ear/) - [**Head and neck cancer** 7 pages Tumours of the ear: external ear, middle ear and paraganglioma · Head and neck cancer treatment: surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in principle · Head and neck cancer: red flags and urgent referral](https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/oncology/) - [**Paediatric ENT** 6 pages Otitis media in children: watchful waiting and ear tubes · Stridor in infants and children · Tonsils and adenoids in children: obstruction, sleep apnoea and when to operate](https://durgical.com/en/ent/areas/pediatric/) - ## A to Z - [A](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/a/) - [B](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/b/) - [C](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/c/) - [D](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/d/) - [E](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/e/) - [F](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/f/) - [G](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/g/) - [H](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/h/) - [I](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/i/) - [L](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/l/) - [M](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/m/) - [N](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/n/) - [O](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/o/) - [P](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/p/) - [R](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/r/) - [S](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/s/) - [T](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/t/) - [U](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/u/) - [V](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/v/) - [W](https://durgical.com/en/ent/a-z/w/) Educational content; it does not replace a medical assessment and is not a clinical instruction. For a real case, follow current guidelines and specialist advice. Representative model, for educational purposes only. --- Source: https://durgical.com/en/ent/ License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/ent/