[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [General pathology](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/) › Bones, joints and soft tissue # Bones, joints and soft tissue Developmental and metabolic bone disease, fractures, osteomyelitis, tumours, arthritis and sarcomas. 35 pages ## Lesion - [**Benign cartilage tumours: osteochondroma and enchondroma** The commonest benign bone tumours make cartilage: a bony stalk with a cartilage cap, or a…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/benign-cartilage-tumours-osteochondroma-and-enchondroma/) - [**Bone in hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy** Too much parathyroid hormone makes osteoclasts tunnel through bone](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/bone-in-hyperparathyroidism-and-renal-osteodystrophy/) - [**Bone metastases** Most cancers in bone came from somewhere else, usually prostate, breast, lung, kidney or…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/bone-metastases/) - [**Chondrosarcoma** A malignant cartilage tumour of adults, mostly in the pelvis, shoulder and ribs](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/chondrosarcoma/) - [**Chordoma, adamantinoma and marrow tumours in bone** Chordoma grows from notochord remnants at the skull base and sacrum; adamantinoma favours the…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/chordoma-adamantinoma-and-marrow-tumours-in-bone/) - [**Ewing sarcoma** An aggressive bone and soft tissue cancer of children and teens made of small round cells…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/ewing-sarcoma/) - [**Fibrous dysplasia and other fibrous and cystic bone lesions** Common tumour-like lesions of young bones: a fibrous defect in the cortex, bone replaced by…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/fibrous-dysplasia-and-other-fibrous-and-cystic-bone-lesions/) - [**Giant cell tumour of bone** A locally aggressive tumour at the ends of long bones in young adults: mutant stromal cells call…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/giant-cell-tumour-of-bone/) - [**Gout** Too much uric acid crystallizes in and around joints; neutrophils attack the crystals and the…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/gout/) - [**Infectious arthritis** Microbes can infect a joint directly, as in septic arthritis, or inflame it from a distance, as…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/infectious-arthritis/) - [**Joint cysts and tenosynovial giant cell tumour** Most lumps around joints are cysts filled with jelly or fluid](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/joint-cysts-and-tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour/) - [**Juvenile idiopathic arthritis** Chronic arthritis that starts before 16 with no known cause](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis/) - [**Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma of soft tissue** Benign smooth muscle tumours of skin and vessels, and their malignant counterpart, a sarcoma of…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/leiomyoma-and-leiomyosarcoma-of-soft-tissue/) - [**Lipoma and liposarcoma** Lipomas are soft, common and harmless](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/lipoma-and-liposarcoma/) - [**Nodular fasciitis, fibromatoses and desmoid tumour** A fast-growing but harmless lump, a scarring disease of palms and soles, and a tumour that…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/nodular-fasciitis-fibromatoses-and-desmoid-tumour/) - [**Osteoarthritis** In osteoarthritis the joint cartilage wears and breaks down; the bone beneath thickens, grows…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/osteoarthritis/) - [**Osteogenesis imperfecta: the type I collagen disease** Faulty type I collagen makes bones that snap with little force, plus blue sclerae, loose joints…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/osteogenesis-imperfecta-the-type-i-collagen-disease/) - [**Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma** Two benign bone-forming tumours with the same tissue: a tiny painful one in long bones and a…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/osteoid-osteoma-and-osteoblastoma/) - [**Osteomyelitis: pyogenic, tuberculous and syphilitic** Infection of bone and marrow](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/osteomyelitis-pyogenic-tuberculous-and-syphilitic/) - [**Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)** When the blood supply to a piece of bone is cut, the bone and marrow die](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/osteonecrosis/) - [**Osteopetrosis and storage disease of bone** When osteoclasts cannot remove bone, bones become dense but brittle and squeeze out the marrow](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/osteopetrosis-and-storage-disease-of-bone/) - [**Osteoporosis** In osteoporosis bone is normal in quality but there is too little of it, so vertebrae, hips and…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/osteoporosis/) - [**Osteosarcoma** The commonest primary bone cancer of children and teens: malignant cells that make osteoid…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/osteosarcoma/) - [**Paget disease of bone** In Paget disease, overactive osteoclasts and frantic repair make bone that is thick but weak…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/paget-disease-of-bone/) - [**Pseudogout (CPPD disease)** Calcium pyrophosphate crystals deposit in cartilage, mostly in older people, and can set off…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/pseudogout/) - [**Rhabdomyosarcoma** The commonest soft tissue sarcoma of children: a tumour of cells trying to become skeletal…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/rhabdomyosarcoma/) - [**Rheumatoid arthritis: synovitis and pannus** In rheumatoid arthritis the immune system inflames the joint lining, which grows into a…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/rheumatoid-arthritis-synovitis-and-pannus/) - [**Rickets and osteomalacia** Without enough vitamin D or phosphate, new bone matrix cannot harden](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/rickets-and-osteomalacia/) - [**Seronegative spondyloarthropathies** A family of arthritides without rheumatoid factor that inflame the spine and the sites where…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/seronegative-spondyloarthropathies/) - [**Skeletal dysplasias and dysostoses** Some skeletal diseases come from faulty patterning genes (a bone missing or extra); others from…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/skeletal-dysplasias-and-dysostoses/) - [**Synovial sarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma** Synovial sarcoma has nothing to do with synovium; it is a fusion-driven sarcoma of young adults](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/synovial-sarcoma-and-undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma/) ## Topic - [**Bone tumours at a glance** Bone tumours are named by the tissue they make](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/bone-tumours-at-a-glance/) - [**Metabolic bone disease compared** A side-by-side table of the common metabolic bone diseases: what is wrong, how the blood tests…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/metabolic-bone-disease-compared/) - [**Soft tissue tumours: principles** Soft tissue tumours are named for the tissue they resemble](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/soft-tissue-tumours-principles/) ## Process - [**Fractures and fracture healing** A broken bone heals through a clot, a cartilage and woven-bone callus, then remodelling](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/fractures-and-fracture-healing/) ## A to Z - [A](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/a/) - [B](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/b/) - [C](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/c/) - [D](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/d/) - [E](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/e/) - [F](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/f/) - [G](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/g/) - [H](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/h/) - [I](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/i/) - [J](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/j/) - [K](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/k/) - [L](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/l/) - [M](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/m/) - [N](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/n/) - [O](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/o/) - [P](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/p/) - [R](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/r/) - [S](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/s/) - [T](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/t/) - [U](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/u/) - [V](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/v/) - [W](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/w/) [← General pathology](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/) Educational content on the mechanisms of disease; not a diagnostic or treatment guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. 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