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# Kidney

Glomerular, tubulointerstitial and vascular disease, cysts, obstruction and renal tumours.

35 pages

## Lesion

- [**Acute pyelonephritis** Bacteria climbing from the bladder infect the renal pelvis and interstitium, forming abscesses…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/acute-pyelonephritis/)
- [**Acute tubular injury (acute tubular necrosis)** Tubular cells injured by poor blood flow or toxins slough off, block tubules and leak filtrate…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/acute-tubular-injury/)
- [**Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease** Inherited defects in polycystin proteins make tubules swell into countless cysts that enlarge…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/autosomal-dominant-polycystic-kidney-disease/)
- [**Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease** A recessive ciliopathy that enlarges both kidneys with collecting duct cysts before birth and…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/autosomal-recessive-polycystic-kidney-disease/)
- [**Benign kidney tumours** Three benign tumours matter: tiny papillary adenomas, fat-containing angiomyolipomas and brown…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/benign-kidney-tumours/)
- [**Chronic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy** Repeated infection with reflux or obstruction scars the kidney unevenly and deforms the calyces…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/chronic-pyelonephritis-and-reflux-nephropathy/)
- [**Clear cell renal cell carcinoma** The commonest kidney cancer of adults: loss of the VHL gene makes cells behave as if starved of…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/clear-cell-renal-cell-carcinoma/)
- [**Congenital kidney anomalies** Errors in kidney development or ascent produce missing, small, misplaced or fused kidneys](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/congenital-kidney-anomalies/)
- [**Crescentic (rapidly progressive) glomerulonephritis** When glomerular capillaries break, crescents fill Bowman space and kidney function can be lost…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/crescentic-glomerulonephritis/)
- [**Crystal nephropathies and nephrocalcinosis** Uric acid, calcium and oxalate can precipitate in tubules and interstitium, blocking them or…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/crystal-nephropathies-and-nephrocalcinosis/)
- [**Diabetic nephropathy** High glucose slowly thickens basement membranes and fills the mesangium with matrix; diabetes is…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/diabetic-nephropathy/)
- [**Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis** Podocyte loss leaves scars in parts of some glomeruli](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/focal-segmental-glomerulosclerosis/)
- [**Hereditary glomerular disease: Alport, thin GBM, Fabry** Faulty collagen IV makes the glomerular basement membrane split, causing hematuria, deafness and…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hereditary-glomerular-disease-alport-thin-gbm-fabry/)
- [**Hypertensive nephrosclerosis: benign vs malignant** Long-standing hypertension glazes small renal arteries and slowly shrinks the kidneys; very high…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hypertensive-nephrosclerosis-benign-vs-malignant/)
- [**IgA nephropathy and IgA vasculitis** The commonest glomerulonephritis in the world: abnormal IgA1 collects in the mesangium and…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/iga-nephropathy-and-iga-vasculitis/)
- [**Kidney stones** Supersaturated urine lets salts crystallize into stones that obstruct, bleed and infect; calcium…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/kidney-stones/)
- [**Lupus nephritis** Immune complexes in systemic lupus lodge in the glomeruli; where and how much they lodge sets…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/lupus-nephritis/)
- [**Membranoproliferative GN and C3 glomerulopathy** Glomeruli become lobular and their walls split into double contours](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/membranoproliferative-gn-and-c3-glomerulopathy/)
- [**Membranous nephropathy: PLA2R, subepithelial deposits and spikes** Antibodies bind an antigen on the podocyte surface and deposit beneath it, thickening the…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/membranous-nephropathy-pla2r-subepithelial-deposits-and-spikes/)
- [**Minimal change disease** The commonest cause of nephrotic syndrome in children: the glomeruli look normal, but the…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/minimal-change-disease/)
- [**Other renal cysts: medullary, dysplastic, acquired** Not every cystic kidney is polycystic: some cysts sit in the medulla, some reflect faulty…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/other-renal-cysts-medullary-dysplastic-acquired/)
- [**Papillary, chromophobe and the rarer renal cell carcinomas** Beyond clear cell carcinoma, other renal carcinomas have their own genes, looks and prognosis](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/papillary-chromophobe-and-the-rarer-renal-cell-carcinomas/)
- [**Patterns of glomerular injury** Glomeruli react to injury in only a few ways](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/patterns-of-glomerular-injury/)
- [**Postinfectious glomerulonephritis** After a throat or skin infection with certain streptococci, immune complexes inflame the…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/postinfectious-glomerulonephritis/)
- [**Renal artery stenosis** A narrowed renal artery makes the kidney release renin, raising blood pressure; the kidney…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/renal-artery-stenosis/)
- [**Renal emboli, infarcts and sickle cell nephropathy** The kidney gets a fifth of the cardiac output, so emboli, sickled cells and clots in its veins…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/renal-emboli-infarcts-and-sickle-cell-nephropathy/)
- [**The kidney in plasma cell disorders** Abnormal light chains block tubules, fold into amyloid or coat basement membranes; each pattern…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/the-kidney-in-plasma-cell-disorders/)
- [**Thrombotic microangiopathy: the kidney** Endothelial injury fills glomerular capillaries and arterioles with platelet-fibrin thrombi…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/thrombotic-microangiopathy-the-kidney/)
- [**Tubulointerstitial nephritis: acute drug-induced vs chronic forms** Inflammation centred on tubules and interstitium, most often a drug reaction; chronic forms come…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/tubulointerstitial-nephritis-acute-drug-induced-vs-chronic-forms/)
- [**Urinary tract obstruction and hydronephrosis** A block anywhere from the calyces to the urethra dilates the system above it and slowly destroys…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/urinary-tract-obstruction-and-hydronephrosis/)

## Process

- [**Chronic kidney disease and uremia** Once enough nephrons are lost, the survivors are overworked and fail too, and the end-stage…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/chronic-kidney-disease-and-uremia/)

## Topic

- [**Clinical syndromes of kidney disease** Kidney diseases show themselves through a handful of syndromes](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/clinical-syndromes-of-kidney-disease/)
- [**Cystic kidney diseases: comparison table** Cysts in the kidney range from harmless simple cysts to inherited diseases that end in kidney…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/cystic-kidney-diseases-comparison-table/)
- [**Glomerular diseases: comparison table** One table for the main glomerular diseases, with what the biopsy shows at each level](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/glomerular-diseases-comparison-table/)

## Mechanism

- [**Immune mechanisms of glomerular injury** Most glomerulonephritis is immune](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/immune-mechanisms-of-glomerular-injury/)

## A to Z

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- [C](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/c/)
- [D](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/d/)
- [E](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/e/)
- [F](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/f/)
- [G](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/g/)
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- [K](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/k/)
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- [R](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/r/)
- [S](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/s/)
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- [U](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/u/)
- [V](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/v/)
- [W](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/w/)

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Educational content on the mechanisms of disease; not a diagnostic or treatment guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. No doses are given.

Representative model, for educational purposes only.

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Source: https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/areas/kidney/
License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/areas/kidney/