[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [General pathology](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/) › Liver and gallbladder # Liver and gallbladder Patterns of liver injury, hepatitis, steatosis, cholestasis, circulation, tumours and the biliary tree. 39 pages ## Lesion - [**Alcohol-associated liver disease** Heavy drinking first fills liver cells with fat, can then inflame and kill them, and over years…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/alcohol-associated-liver-disease/) - [**Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: the liver** A misfolded protein gets stuck inside liver cells, harming the liver, while its absence in blood…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficiency-the-liver/) - [**Autoimmune hepatitis: plasma cells, interface injury and types 1 and 2** In autoimmune hepatitis the immune system attacks the person's own liver cells; untreated it…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/autoimmune-hepatitis-plasma-cells-interface-injury-and-types-1-and-2/) - [**Benign liver masses** Most liver masses found by chance in healthy livers are harmless, such as hemangiomas and focal…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/benign-liver-masses/) - [**Cholangiocarcinoma** Cholangiocarcinoma is cancer of the bile duct lining; it grows slowly along the ducts, causes…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/cholangiocarcinoma/) - [**Cholecystitis: acute, acalculous and chronic** Cholecystitis is an inflamed gallbladder, usually because a stone blocks its outlet; it can be…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/cholecystitis-acute-acalculous-and-chronic/) - [**Choledochal cysts and fibropolycystic disease** Some people are born with bile ducts that are too wide, cystic or scarred; these can block bile…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/choledochal-cysts-and-fibropolycystic-disease/) - [**Cirrhosis: morphology** Cirrhosis is the whole liver turned into islands of regenerating cells wrapped in scar; it is…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/cirrhosis-morphology/) - [**Congenital anomalies of the gallbladder** The gallbladder can be folded, doubled, missing or in the wrong place; most of these cause no…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/congenital-anomalies-of-the-gallbladder/) - [**Gallbladder carcinoma** Gallbladder cancer grows in a gallbladder inflamed by stones for many years; it is often found…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/gallbladder-carcinoma/) - [**Gallstones: cholesterol vs pigment** Gallstones form when bile has too much cholesterol or bilirubin; most cause no symptoms, but…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/gallstones-cholesterol-vs-pigment/) - [**Hemochromatosis: hepcidin, HFE and where iron settles** In hemochromatosis the gut absorbs too much iron for years; the iron piles up in the liver…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hemochromatosis-hepcidin-hfe-and-where-iron-settles/) - [**Hepatic inflow disorders: artery, portal vein, sinusoids** The liver has two blood supplies, so blocking one rarely kills tissue; blocking flow inside the…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hepatic-inflow-disorders-artery-portal-vein-sinusoids/) - [**Hepatic venous outflow obstruction** If blood cannot leave the liver, it swells, becomes painful and congested, and the cells near…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hepatic-venous-outflow-obstruction/) - [**Hepatoblastoma: the liver tumour of early childhood** Hepatoblastoma is the most common liver cancer of small children; it is made of cells that look…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hepatoblastoma-the-liver-tumour-of-early-childhood/) - [**Hepatocellular adenoma: the molecular subtypes and their risks** Hepatocellular adenoma is a benign liver tumour, mostly in young women on hormones; some types…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hepatocellular-adenoma-the-molecular-subtypes-and-their-risks/) - [**Hepatocellular carcinoma** Hepatocellular carcinoma is the main primary liver cancer; it usually grows in a liver scarred…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hepatocellular-carcinoma/) - [**Large bile duct obstruction** A blocked bile duct backs bile into the liver; bacteria can climb in, and years of blockage scar…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/large-bile-duct-obstruction/) - [**Liver infections: bacterial, fungal and parasitic** Bacteria, amoebae, worms and fungi can reach the liver through bile, blood or the gut and form…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/liver-infections-bacterial-fungal-and-parasitic/) - [**Metabolic steatotic liver disease (MASLD, MASH)** Fat builds up in the liver of people with obesity or diabetes; in some it inflames the liver and…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/metabolic-steatotic-liver-disease/) - [**Metastases to the liver: the most common liver malignancy** Most cancers found in the liver come from elsewhere, especially the colon, pancreas, breast and…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/metastases-to-the-liver-the-most-common-liver-malignancy/) - [**Neonatal cholestasis: biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis** A baby with jaundice beyond two weeks, pale stools and dark urine needs urgent study: blocked…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/neonatal-cholestasis-biliary-atresia-and-neonatal-hepatitis/) - [**Patterns of hepatocyte injury** A sick liver cell swells, fills with fat or bile, or dies; where in the lobule it dies points to…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/patterns-of-hepatocyte-injury/) - [**Primary biliary cholangitis: the florid duct lesion and AMA** In primary biliary cholangitis the immune system destroys the smallest bile ducts, slowly…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/primary-biliary-cholangitis-the-florid-duct-lesion-and-ama/) - [**Primary sclerosing cholangitis** In primary sclerosing cholangitis scar narrows the large and medium bile ducts; it is linked to…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis/) - [**Rare primary liver cancers** Besides the common liver cancers there are rare ones arising from vessels, mixed cell types or…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/rare-primary-liver-cancers/) - [**Vanishing bile duct syndrome** In some diseases the small bile ducts inside the liver are destroyed and not replaced, so bile…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/vanishing-bile-duct-syndrome/) - [**Viral hepatitis on biopsy: acute and chronic** Acute hepatitis inflames the lobule; chronic hepatitis inflames the portal tracts and their…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/viral-hepatitis-on-biopsy-acute-and-chronic/) - [**Wilson disease** In Wilson disease the liver cannot put copper into bile, so copper builds up in the liver, then…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/wilson-disease/) ## Topic - [**Drug- and toxin-induced liver injury** Because the liver processes most drugs, many medicines, herbs and toxins can damage it, in…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/drug-and-toxin-induced-liver-injury/) - [**Hepatitis B and D** Hepatitis B hides in liver cell nuclei; the immune attack on infected cells, not the virus…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hepatitis-b-and-d/) - [**Hepatitis C: why it becomes chronic, and its extrahepatic disease** Hepatitis C quietly stays in the liver for decades in most people, slowly scarring it, unless it…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hepatitis-c-why-it-becomes-chronic-and-its-extrahepatic-disease/) - [**Hepatitis viruses A to E: the comparison table** Five unrelated viruses inflame the liver; A and E spread through food and water, B, C and D…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hepatitis-viruses-a-to-e-the-comparison-table/) - [**Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias** Some inherited defects of bilirubin handling cause jaundice; most are harmless, one can damage a…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/hereditary-hyperbilirubinemias/) - [**Liver disease in pregnancy** Three liver disorders are tied to pregnancy; two can quickly threaten mother and baby and…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/liver-disease-in-pregnancy/) - [**Liver failure: acute, chronic and acute-on-chronic** When most of the liver stops working, toxins build up, blood stops clotting, the brain clouds…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/liver-failure-acute-chronic-and-acute-on-chronic/) ## Mechanism - [**Jaundice and cholestasis** Jaundice is yellow skin from bilirubin; it rises when too much is made, the liver cannot process…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/jaundice-and-cholestasis/) - [**Liver fibrosis and its regression** Long injury turns quiet fat-storing stellate cells into scar makers; if the cause stops, part of…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/liver-fibrosis-and-its-regression/) - [**Portal hypertension** If blood cannot pass through the liver, pressure backs up into the gut veins, causing fluid in…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/portal-hypertension/) ## A to Z - [A](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/a/) - [B](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/b/) - [C](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/c/) - [D](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/d/) - [E](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/e/) - [F](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/f/) - [G](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/g/) - [H](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/h/) - [I](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/i/) - [J](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/j/) - [K](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/k/) - [L](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/l/) - [M](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/m/) - [N](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/n/) - [O](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/o/) - [P](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/p/) - [R](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/r/) - [S](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/s/) - [T](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/t/) - [U](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/u/) - [V](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/v/) - [W](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/w/) [← General pathology](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/) Educational content on the mechanisms of disease; not a diagnostic or treatment guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. 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