[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [General pathology](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/) › Lower urinary tract and male genital system # Lower urinary tract and male genital system Ureter, bladder, urethra, penis, testis and prostate. 20 pages ## Lesion - [**Benign prostatic hyperplasia** With age, the inner prostate grows into nodules of glands and stroma that squeeze the urethra…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/) - [**Congenital anomalies of the ureter and bladder** Developmental errors of the ureters and bladder are common; the ones that matter block urine…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/congenital-anomalies-of-the-ureter-and-bladder/) - [**Cryptorchidism, testicular atrophy and reduced fertility** A testis that stays undescended loses its germ cells and carries a higher risk of cancer; many…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/cryptorchidism-testicular-atrophy-and-reduced-fertility/) - [**Cystitis and bladder metaplasias** Inflammation of the bladder is usually bacterial, but drugs, radiation, viruses and immune…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/cystitis-and-bladder-metaplasias/) - [**Diseases of the urethra** The urethra is inflamed mainly by sexually transmitted infections; caruncles and rare carcinomas…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/diseases-of-the-urethra/) - [**Epididymitis, orchitis and prostatitis** Infection usually reaches the epididymis first; mumps and syphilis prefer the testis…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/epididymitis-orchitis-and-prostatitis/) - [**Non-germ cell testicular tumours** A small share of testicular tumours come from stromal cells or lymphocytes; they make hormones…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/non-germ-cell-testicular-tumours/) - [**Nonseminomatous germ cell tumours** These tumours copy embryonic tissues; most are mixtures, and each component carries its own…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/nonseminomatous-germ-cell-tumours/) - [**Other bladder tumours** Not all bladder cancers are urothelial: chronic irritation, the urachus, neuroendocrine cells…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/other-bladder-tumours/) - [**Penile tumours** HPV and chronic inflammation lead to warts, precancerous lesions and squamous cell carcinoma of…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/penile-tumours/) - [**Prostatic adenocarcinoma: Gleason and grade groups** Small crowded glands without basal cells infiltrate the peripheral prostate; the Gleason system…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/prostatic-adenocarcinoma-gleason-and-grade-groups/) - [**Seminoma and spermatocytic tumour** The commonest testicular germ cell tumour: sheets of large clear cells divided by bands with…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/seminoma-and-spermatocytic-tumour/) - [**Spermatic cord, paratesticular and tunica lesions** Masses beside the testis are mostly benign fluid collections or tumours, but paratesticular…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/spermatic-cord-paratesticular-and-tunica-lesions/) - [**Testicular torsion** Twisting of the spermatic cord blocks venous outflow first and then arterial supply; the testis…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/testicular-torsion/) - [**The penis: hypospadias, epispadias, phimosis and balanoposthitis** The urethral opening may be misplaced, the foreskin too tight, and poor hygiene lets infection…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/the-penis-hypospadias-epispadias-phimosis-and-balanoposthitis/) - [**Ureteral and bladder outlet obstruction** Stones, tumours, fibrosis or the prostate can block urine; the bladder muscle hypertrophies and…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/ureteral-and-bladder-outlet-obstruction/) - [**Urothelial tumours: morphology, grade and stage** Grade and depth of invasion decide prognosis: from benign papillomas to carcinoma invading the…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/urothelial-tumours-morphology-grade-and-stage/) ## Mechanism - [**Prostate cancer: pathogenesis** Prostate cancer grows on androgens and builds on inherited risk, gene fusions and loss of tumour…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/prostate-cancer-pathogenesis/) - [**Urothelial carcinoma: pathogenesis** Chemicals in urine bathe the whole urothelium, so bladder cancer recurs and can appear anywhere…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/urothelial-carcinoma-pathogenesis/) ## Topic - [**Testicular germ cell tumours: overview** Most testicular tumours are germ cell tumours of young men; nearly all grow from an in situ…](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/testicular-germ-cell-tumours-overview/) ## A to Z - [A](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/a/) - [B](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/b/) - [C](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/c/) - [D](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/d/) - [E](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/e/) - [F](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/f/) - [G](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/g/) - [H](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/h/) - [I](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/i/) - [J](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/j/) - [K](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/k/) - [L](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/l/) - [M](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/m/) - [N](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/n/) - [O](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/o/) - [P](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/p/) - [R](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/r/) - [S](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/s/) - [T](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/t/) - [U](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/u/) - [V](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/v/) - [W](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/a-z/w/) [← General pathology](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/) Educational content on the mechanisms of disease; not a diagnostic or treatment guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. 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