[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [General pathology](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/) › [Bones, joints and soft tissue](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/areas/bone-soft/) › Bone tumours at a glance

# Bone tumours at a glance

- Topic

Bone tumours are named by the tissue they make. Age, location in the bone and the X-ray pattern narrow the diagnosis before the biopsy.

Updated Nov 12, 2026

## Key points

- Most common malignant lesion in bone: metastasis; most common primary malignant bone tumour: myeloma (marrow), then osteosarcoma.
- Ages: osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma in children and adolescents; giant cell tumour in young adults with closed growth plates; chondrosarcoma, myeloma and metastases after 40.
- Epiphysis: giant cell tumour, chondroblastoma. Metaphysis: osteosarcoma, osteochondroma, nonossifying fibroma. Diaphysis: Ewing sarcoma, adamantinoma.
- X-ray clues: benign lesions are well defined with a sclerotic rim; malignant ones are permeative with cortical destruction and soft-tissue mass.
- Periosteal reactions: Codman triangle and sunburst (osteosarcoma); onion skin (Ewing sarcoma).
- Spine: osteoblastoma (posterior elements), chordoma (sacrum and skull base).

## What it is

Primary bone tumours are classified by the matrix their cells produce or the cell they resemble: bone-forming, cartilage-forming, fibrous, notochordal, vascular and tumours of uncertain lineage such as Ewing sarcoma and giant cell tumour. Benign tumours are far more common than malignant ones, and metastases and myeloma are the commonest malignant lesions in bone overall. Patient age and the site within the bone (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis) are powerful clues, because many tumours arise where growth is most active.

## Key facts

- Before biopsy, a radiologist and pathologist read the X-ray together; histology without imaging misleads (a healing fracture callus can look like osteosarcoma).
- Biopsy tracks should be planned with the surgeon so they can be removed with the tumour.
- Malignant bone tumours spread by the blood, mainly to the lungs; lymph-node spread is rare.
- Grading (low vs high) and staging (local extent, skip lesions, metastases) guide surgery and chemotherapy.

## Primary bone tumours by line of differentiation

| Group | Benign | Malignant | Usual age and site |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bone-forming | Osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma | Osteosarcoma | Teens: metaphysis around the knee; osteoblastoma in spine |
| Cartilage-forming | Osteochondroma, enchondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxoid fibroma | Chondrosarcoma | Benign in youth; chondrosarcoma after 40 in pelvis and shoulder |
| Fibrous and fibro-osseous | Nonossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia | Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (rare) | Children: metaphysis; fibrous dysplasia ribs, femur, skull |
| [Uncertain lineage](https://durgical.com/en/conditions/ewing-sarcoma/) | Giant cell tumour (locally aggressive), aneurysmal bone cyst | Ewing sarcoma | Ewing: children, diaphysis and pelvis; giant cell tumour: young adults, epiphysis |
| Notochordal | Benign notochordal cell tumour | Chordoma | Adults: sacrum and skull base |
| Other | Hemangioma | Adamantinoma, angiosarcoma | Adamantinoma: tibia |

## Clinical notes

- Night pain, a growing mass or a pathologic fracture are warning signs of a bone tumour.
- Teenager with pain around the knee that is not getting better: obtain a plain X-ray before assuming a sports injury.

## Memory aid

Ends for giants, necks for osteosarcoma, shafts for Ewing: read the address before the letter.

## Test yourself

Think of the answer, then tap the question to see it.

## What is the most common malignant tumour found in bone?

Metastatic carcinoma.

## Which two tumours typically arise in the epiphysis?

Giant cell tumour and chondroblastoma.

## Which periosteal reaction is typical of Ewing sarcoma?

Onion-skin layering of new periosteal bone.

## Why must the X-ray be reviewed with the biopsy?

Some benign processes such as fracture callus look malignant under the microscope; the imaging gives the context.

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## Connections

## Related 9

- [Naming tumours: -oma, carcinoma, sarcoma, and the misleading names](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/naming-tumours-oma-carcinoma-sarcoma-and-the-misleading-names/)
- [Benign vs malignant tumours: the comparison table](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/benign-vs-malignant-tumours-the-comparison-table/)
- [Tumours of infancy and childhood](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/tumours-of-infancy-and-childhood/)
- [Osteosarcoma](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/osteosarcoma/)
- [Ewing sarcoma](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/ewing-sarcoma/)
- [Giant cell tumour of bone](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/giant-cell-tumour-of-bone/)
- [Benign cartilage tumours: osteochondroma and enchondroma](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/benign-cartilage-tumours-osteochondroma-and-enchondroma/)
- [Bone metastases](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/bone-metastases/)
- [Multiple myeloma](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/multiple-myeloma/)

## Related conditions 3

- [Osteosarcoma](https://durgical.com/en/conditions/osteosarcoma/)
- [Ewing sarcoma](https://durgical.com/en/conditions/ewing-sarcoma/)
- [Multiple myeloma](https://durgical.com/en/conditions/multiple-myeloma/)

[← All of general pathology](https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/)

Educational content on the mechanisms of disease; not a diagnostic or treatment guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. No doses are given.

Sources: [Primary Bone Cancer - NCI](https://www.cancer.gov/types/bone/bone-fact-sheet) (National Cancer Institute, 2025); [Bone Cancer | MedlinePlus](https://medlineplus.gov/bonecancer.html) (MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine, 2025).

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Representative model, for educational purposes only.

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Source: https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/bone-tumours-at-a-glance/
License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/general-pathology/bone-tumours-at-a-glance/