[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [Pharmacology](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/) › Analgesia and anaesthesia

# Analgesia and anaesthesia

70 drugs

## Gabapentinoids

- [**About this section** GABA look-alike medicines that bind a calcium channel subunit and quiet overactive nerves. Used for nerve…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/gabapentinoids/)
- [**Gabapentin** α2δ-1 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/gabapentin/)
- [**Pregabalin** α2δ-1 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pregabalin/)

## Inhaled anaesthetics

- [**About this section** Gases and volatile liquids breathed in to maintain general anaesthesia. Blood carries them to the brain and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/inhaled-anaesthetics/)
- [**Desflurane** Several central nervous system ion channels (GABA-A receptors, potassium channels)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/desflurane/)
- [**Halothane** Several central nervous system ion channels (GABA-A receptors, potassium channels)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/halothane/)
- [**Isoflurane** Several central nervous system ion channels (GABA-A and glycine receptors, potassium channels)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/isoflurane/)
- [**Nitrous oxide** NMDA glutamate receptor (and two-pore-domain potassium channels)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nitrous-oxide/)
- [**Sevoflurane** Several central nervous system ion channels (GABA-A and glycine receptors, potassium channels)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sevoflurane/)

## Intravenous anaesthetics

- [**About this section** Drugs that, injected into a vein, cause unconsciousness within seconds. They start general anaesthesia and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/intravenous-anaesthetics/)
- [**Dexmedetomidine** Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dexmedetomidine/)
- [**Etomidate** GABA-A receptor (α1β2γ2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/etomidate/)
- [**Ketamine** NMDA glutamate receptor (GluN1/GluN2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ketamine/)
- [**Methohexital** GABA-A receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/methohexital/)
- [**Propofol** GABA-A receptor (α1β2γ2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/propofol/)
- [**Thiopental** GABA-A receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/thiopental/)

## Local anesthetics

- [**About this section** Drugs that block nerve sodium channels and numb an area without loss of consciousness: stitches, dentistry…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/local-anesthetics/)
- [**Articaine** Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/articaine/)
- [**Benzocaine** Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/benzocaine/)
- [**Bupivacaine** Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bupivacaine/)
- [**Chloroprocaine** Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/chloroprocaine/)
- [**Cocaine** Monoamine transporters (dopamine and noradrenaline transporters) and sodium channels](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cocaine/)
- [**Lidocaine** Voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav; in the heart, Nav1.5)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lidocaine/)
- [**Mepivacaine** Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mepivacaine/)
- [**Prilocaine** Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/prilocaine/)
- [**Procaine** Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/procaine/)
- [**Ropivacaine** Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ropivacaine/)
- [**Tetracaine** Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tetracaine/)

## Neuromuscular block reversal agents

- [**About this section** Drugs that restore muscle strength at the end of surgery after a non-depolarising blocker: sugammadex and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/neuromuscular-block-reversal-agents/)
- [**Sugammadex** Free rocuronium and vecuronium in plasma (it does not act on a receptor)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sugammadex/)

## Neuromuscular blockers

- [**About this section** They paralyse skeletal muscle at the motor end plate for intubation and surgery. They neither sedate nor…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/neuromuscular-blockers/)
- [**Atracurium** Muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (motor end plate)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/atracurium/)
- [**Cisatracurium** Muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (motor end plate)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cisatracurium/)
- [**Pancuronium** Muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (motor end plate)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pancuronium/)
- [**Rocuronium** Muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (motor end plate)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rocuronium/)
- [**Suxamethonium** Muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (motor end plate)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/suxamethonium/)
- [**Vecuronium** Muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (motor end plate)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vecuronium/)

## Non-opioid analgesic antipyretics

- [**About this section** Medicines that ease pain and bring down fever with little or no anti-inflammatory effect, such as…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/non-opioid-analgesic-antipyretics/)
- [**Metamizole** Active metabolites that reduce prostaglandin-driven hyperalgesia (mechanism not fully established)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/metamizole/)
- [**Paracetamol** Cyclooxygenases, mainly in the central nervous system (mechanism not fully established)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/paracetamol/)

## Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

- [**About this section** Drugs that ease pain, fever and inflammation by cutting prostaglandin production. The group includes aspirin…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs/)
- [**Acetylsalicylic acid** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/acetylsalicylic-acid/)
- [**Celecoxib** Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/celecoxib/)
- [**Diclofenac** Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), also acting on COX-1](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/diclofenac/)
- [**Diflunisal** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/diflunisal/)
- [**Etodolac** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/etodolac/)
- [**Etoricoxib** Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/etoricoxib/)
- [**Ibuprofen** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ibuprofen/)
- [**Indometacin** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/indometacin/)
- [**Ketoprofen** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ketoprofen/)
- [**Ketorolac** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ketorolac/)
- [**Mefenamic acid** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mefenamic-acid/)
- [**Meloxicam** Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), also acting on COX-1](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/meloxicam/)
- [**Nabumetone** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nabumetone/)
- [**Naproxen** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/naproxen/)
- [**Piroxicam** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/piroxicam/)
- [**Sulindac** Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sulindac/)

## Opioids and antagonists

- [**About this section** Drugs acting on opioid receptors: agonists relieve severe pain, and antagonists such as naloxone reverse an…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/opioids-and-antagonists/)
- [**Buprenorphine** μ-opioid receptor (partial agonist; also acts at κ, δ and nociceptin receptors)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/buprenorphine/)
- [**Butorphanol** κ (agonist) and μ (partial agonist) opioid receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/butorphanol/)
- [**Codeine** μ-opioid receptor (through the morphine it forms)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/codeine/)
- [**Fentanyl** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fentanyl/)
- [**Hydrocodone** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/hydrocodone/)
- [**Hydromorphone** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/hydromorphone/)
- [**Levorphanol** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/levorphanol/)
- [**Methadone** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/methadone/)
- [**Morphine** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/morphine/)
- [**Nalbuphine** κ (agonist) and μ (antagonist) opioid receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nalbuphine/)
- [**Nalmefene** μ-opioid receptor (antagonist)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nalmefene/)
- [**Naloxone** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/naloxone/)
- [**Naltrexone** μ-opioid receptor (antagonist)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/naltrexone/)
- [**Oxycodone** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/oxycodone/)
- [**Oxymorphone** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/oxymorphone/)
- [**Pentazocine** κ (agonist) and μ (partial agonist) opioid receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pentazocine/)
- [**Pethidine** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pethidine/)
- [**Remifentanil** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/remifentanil/)
- [**Sufentanil** μ-opioid receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sufentanil/)
- [**Tapentadol** μ-opioid receptor and noradrenaline transporter](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tapentadol/)
- [**Tramadol** μ-opioid receptor (mainly through the metabolite M1) and the serotonin and noradrenaline transporters](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tramadol/)

## A to Z

- [A](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/a/)
- [B](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/b/)
- [C](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/c/)
- [D](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/d/)
- [E](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/e/)
- [F](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/f/)
- [G](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/g/)
- [H](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/h/)
- [I](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/i/)
- [K](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/k/)
- [L](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/l/)
- [M](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/m/)
- [N](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/n/)
- [O](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/o/)
- [P](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/p/)
- [Q](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/q/)
- [R](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/r/)
- [S](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/s/)
- [T](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/t/)
- [U](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/u/)
- [V](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/v/)
- [W](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/w/)
- [X](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/x/)
- [Y](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/y/)
- [Z](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/z/)

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Educational content on how drugs work; not a prescribing guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. No doses are given.

Representative model, for educational purposes only.

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Source: https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/areas/analgesia-anaesthesia/
License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/areas/analgesia-anaesthesia/