[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [Pharmacology](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/) › Anti-infectives

# Anti-infectives

204 drugs

## Aminoglycosides

- [**About this section** Bactericidal antibiotics that make bacteria misread their genetic code; strong against aerobic…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/aminoglycosides/)
- [**Amikacin** Decoding (A) site of the bacterial 16S rRNA, 30S ribosomal subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amikacin/)
- [**Gentamicin** Decoding (A) site of the bacterial 16S rRNA, 30S ribosomal subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/gentamicin/)
- [**Neomycin** Decoding (A) site of the bacterial 16S rRNA, 30S ribosomal subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/neomycin/)
- [**Plazomicin** Decoding (A) site of the bacterial 16S rRNA, 30S ribosomal subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/plazomicin/)
- [**Streptomycin** 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein S12 of the bacterial 30S subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/streptomycin/)
- [**Tobramycin** Decoding (A) site of the bacterial 16S rRNA, 30S ribosomal subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tobramycin/)

## Anthelmintics

- [**About this section** Drugs against worms: benzimidazoles for roundworms and cysts, ivermectin for Strongyloides and filariae…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/anthelmintics/)
- [**Albendazole** Helminth β-tubulin (colchicine site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/albendazole/)
- [**Diethylcarbamazine** Filarial microfilariae and adult worms (mechanism not established)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/diethylcarbamazine/)
- [**Ivermectin** Nematode glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ivermectin/)
- [**Mebendazole** Helminth β-tubulin (colchicine site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mebendazole/)
- [**Moxidectin** Nematode glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/moxidectin/)
- [**Praziquantel** Schistosome TRPM channel (TRPM_PZQ)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/praziquantel/)
- [**Pyrantel pamoate** Nematode nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (L-type) of body-wall muscle](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pyrantel-pamoate/)
- [**Triclabendazole** Fasciola liver fluke (exact molecular target not established)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/triclabendazole/)

## Anti-herpesvirus agents

- [**About this section** Antivirals that stop herpesviruses (herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, cytomegalovirus) from copying their…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/anti-herpesvirus-agents/)
- [**Aciclovir** Viral DNA polymerase (herpes simplex and varicella-zoster)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/aciclovir/)
- [**Cidofovir** Viral DNA polymerase (CMV)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cidofovir/)
- [**Famciclovir** Viral thymidine kinase (activation) and viral DNA polymerase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/famciclovir/)
- [**Foscarnet** Viral DNA polymerase (pyrophosphate-binding site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/foscarnet/)
- [**Ganciclovir** CMV DNA polymerase (activated by the viral UL97 kinase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ganciclovir/)
- [**Letermovir** CMV DNA terminase complex (pUL56 subunit)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/letermovir/)
- [**Penciclovir** Viral thymidine kinase (activation) and viral DNA polymerase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/penciclovir/)
- [**Trifluridine (ophthalmic)** Viral DNA synthesis (thymidylate synthase and DNA polymerase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/trifluridine/)
- [**Valaciclovir** Viral DNA polymerase (through its active form, aciclovir)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/valaciclovir/)
- [**Valganciclovir** CMV DNA polymerase (through ganciclovir, activated by UL97)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/valganciclovir/)

## Anti-influenza agents

- [**About this section** Antivirals against flu that work best when started early. They shorten illness; they do not replace the…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/anti-influenza-agents/)
- [**Baloxavir marboxil** Cap-dependent endonuclease of the influenza polymerase (PA subunit)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/baloxavir-marboxil/)
- [**Oseltamivir** Influenza virus neuraminidase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/oseltamivir/)
- [**Peramivir** Influenza neuraminidase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/peramivir/)
- [**Rimantadine** Influenza A M2 proton channel](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rimantadine/)
- [**Zanamivir** Influenza virus neuraminidase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/zanamivir/)

## Antileishmanials

- [**About this section** Drugs against Leishmania: injected meglumine antimoniate and oral miltefosine treat the cutaneous and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antileishmanials/)
- [**Meglumine antimoniate** Leishmania trypanothione reductase (and the parasite's thiols)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/meglumine-antimoniate/)
- [**Miltefosine** Leishmania membrane lipids and signalling](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/miltefosine/)

## Antileprosy drugs

- [**About this section** Medicines against Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy is cured with multidrug therapy: rifampicin, dapsone and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antileprosy-drugs/)
- [**Clofazimine** Mycobacterial membrane and respiratory chain (several actions)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/clofazimine/)
- [**Dapsone** Dihydropteroate synthase (folate pathway of mycobacteria)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dapsone/)

## Antimalarials

- [**About this section** Drugs that kill Plasmodium: artemisinin combinations for P. falciparum, chloroquine for P. vivax, primaquine…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antimalarials/)
- [**Artemether + lumefantrine** Parasite heme (artemether is activated by heme iron; lumefantrine blocks heme detoxification)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/artemether-lumefantrine/)
- [**Artesunate** Parasite heme iron, which opens the endoperoxide bridge (activation), and many parasite proteins](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/artesunate/)
- [**Atovaquone + proguanil** Parasite mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex, Qo site (atovaquone); parasite dihydrofolate reductase (cycloguanil, from proguanil)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/atovaquone-proguanil/)
- [**Chloroquine** Heme detoxification (hemozoin formation) in the parasite's digestive vacuole](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/chloroquine/)
- [**Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine** Parasite heme (dihydroartemisinin is activated by heme iron; piperaquine blocks heme detoxification)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine/)
- [**Mefloquine** Not fully defined: binds hemozoin like chloroquine; one study showed it binding the P. falciparum 80S ribosome](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mefloquine/)
- [**Primaquine** Not fully known: reactive metabolites act on liver hypnozoites and gametocytes](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/primaquine/)
- [**Quinine** Heme detoxification in the parasite's digestive vacuole (presumed, like chloroquine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/quinine/)
- [**Sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine** Plasmodium dihydropteroate synthase (sulfadoxine) and dihydrofolate reductase (pyrimethamine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine/)
- [**Tafenoquine** Not fully known: like primaquine, acts on liver hypnozoites and gametocytes](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tafenoquine/)

## Antiseptics, disinfectants and sterilants

- [**About this section** Chemicals that kill microbes on skin (antiseptics), on surfaces and instruments (disinfectants), or kill…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antiseptics-disinfectants-and-sterilants/)
- [**Chlorhexidine** Bacterial cell membrane](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/chlorhexidine/)
- [**Povidone-iodine** Microbial proteins and membranes (free iodine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/povidone-iodine/)

## Antitrypanosomals

- [**About this section** Drugs against trypanosomes: benznidazole and nifurtimox cure Chagas disease when given early; others treat…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antitrypanosomals/)
- [**Benznidazole** Trypanosoma cruzi type I nitroreductase (activates the prodrug)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/benznidazole/)
- [**Nifurtimox** Trypanosoma cruzi nitroreductase (activates the prodrug)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nifurtimox/)
- [**Pentamidine** Several parasite targets (DNA, RNA, phospholipid and protein synthesis)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pentamidine/)

## Antituberculosis drugs

- [**About this section** Medicines that kill or stop Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They are always combined so the bacillus cannot…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antituberculosis-drugs/)
- [**Aminosalicylic acid** Folate pathway of M. tuberculosis (acts downstream of dihydropteroate synthase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/aminosalicylic-acid/)
- [**Bedaquiline** ATP synthase, subunit c (M. tuberculosis)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bedaquiline/)
- [**Cycloserine** Alanine racemase and D-alanine–D-alanine ligase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cycloserine/)
- [**Delamanid** Deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase Ddn (activating enzyme)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/delamanid/)
- [**Ethambutol** Arabinosyltransferase EmbB (M. tuberculosis)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ethambutol/)
- [**Ethionamide** Enoyl-ACP reductase InhA (M. tuberculosis)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ethionamide/)
- [**Isoniazid** Enoyl-ACP reductase InhA (M. tuberculosis)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/isoniazid/)
- [**Pretomanid** Deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase Ddn (activating enzyme)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pretomanid/)
- [**Pyrazinamide** Aspartate decarboxylase PanD (M. tuberculosis), target of pyrazinoic acid](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pyrazinamide/)
- [**Rifabutin** DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, β subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rifabutin/)
- [**Rifampicin** DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, β subunit (M. tuberculosis)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rifampicin/)
- [**Rifapentine** DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, β subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rifapentine/)

## Azole antifungals

- [**About this section** Antifungals that block the fungal enzyme that makes ergosterol (CYP51). They also block human CYP enzymes…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/azole-antifungals/)
- [**Clotrimazole** Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51, the fungal ERG11 enzyme)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/clotrimazole/)
- [**Fluconazole** Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51, the fungal ERG11 enzyme)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fluconazole/)
- [**Isavuconazole** Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51, the fungal ERG11 enzyme)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/isavuconazole/)
- [**Itraconazole** Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51, the fungal ERG11 enzyme)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/itraconazole/)
- [**Ketoconazole** Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51, the fungal ERG11 enzyme)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ketoconazole/)
- [**Miconazole** Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51, the fungal ERG11 enzyme)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/miconazole/)
- [**Posaconazole** Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51, the fungal ERG11 enzyme)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/posaconazole/)
- [**Voriconazole** Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51, the fungal ERG11 enzyme)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/voriconazole/)

## Beta-lactams

- [**About this section** Antibiotics with a four-atom β-lactam ring that stop bacteria from building their cell wall: penicillins…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/beta-lactams/)
- [**Amoxicillin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amoxicillin/)
- [**Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid** Bacterial PBPs (amoxicillin) and β-lactamases (clavulanic acid)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amoxicillin-clavulanic-acid/)
- [**Ampicillin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ampicillin/)
- [**Ampicillin + sulbactam** Bacterial PBPs (ampicillin) and β-lactamases (sulbactam)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ampicillin-sulbactam/)
- [**Benzathine benzylpenicillin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial DD-transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/benzathine-benzylpenicillin/)
- [**Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G)** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial DD-transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/benzylpenicillin/)
- [**Cefaclor** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefaclor/)
- [**Cefalexin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefalexin/)
- [**Cefazolin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefazolin/)
- [**Cefdinir** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefdinir/)
- [**Cefepime** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefepime/)
- [**Cefiderocol** Penicillin-binding proteins, mainly PBP3](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefiderocol/)
- [**Cefixime** Penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) and other PBPs](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefixime/)
- [**Cefotaxime** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefotaxime/)
- [**Cefotetan** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefotetan/)
- [**Cefoxitin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefoxitin/)
- [**Cefpodoxime** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefpodoxime/)
- [**Ceftaroline** MRSA PBP2a and other PBPs](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ceftaroline/)
- [**Ceftazidime** Penicillin-binding proteins, mainly PBP3](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ceftazidime/)
- [**Ceftazidime + avibactam** Bacterial PBPs (ceftazidime) and class A, C and some class D β-lactamases (avibactam)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ceftazidime-avibactam/)
- [**Ceftobiprole** MRSA PBP2a and other PBPs](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ceftobiprole/)
- [**Ceftolozane + tazobactam** Bacterial PBPs (ceftolozane) and β-lactamases (tazobactam)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ceftolozane-tazobactam/)
- [**Ceftriaxone** Penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) and other PBPs](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ceftriaxone/)
- [**Cefuroxime** Penicillin-binding protein 2x (PBP2x) and other PBPs](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cefuroxime/)
- [**Cloxacillin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cloxacillin/)
- [**Dicloxacillin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dicloxacillin/)
- [**Flucloxacillin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/flucloxacillin/)
- [**Nafcillin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nafcillin/)
- [**Oxacillin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/oxacillin/)
- [**Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/phenoxymethylpenicillin/)
- [**Piperacillin + tazobactam** Bacterial PBPs, mainly PBP3 (piperacillin), and β-lactamases (tazobactam)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/piperacillin-tazobactam/)
- [**Procaine benzylpenicillin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial DD-transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/procaine-benzylpenicillin/)

## Carbapenems

- [**About this section** The broadest β-lactams, kept for serious hospital infections and ESBL-producing bacteria; they can lower…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/carbapenems/)
- [**Ertapenem** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ertapenem/)
- [**Imipenem + cilastatin + relebactam** Bacterial PBPs (imipenem) and class A and C beta-lactamases, including KPC (relebactam)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/imipenem-cilastatin-relebactam/)
- [**Imipenem–cilastatin** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/imipenem-cilastatin/)
- [**Meropenem** Penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial transpeptidases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/meropenem/)
- [**Meropenem–vaborbactam** KPC carbapenemase (vaborbactam) and penicillin-binding proteins (meropenem)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/meropenem-vaborbactam/)

## Ebola monoclonal antibodies

- [**About this section** Antibodies against the Ebola virus glycoprotein. WHO strongly recommends them for Ebola virus disease; they…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/ebola-monoclonal-antibodies/)
- [**Ansuvimab** Zaire ebolavirus surface glycoprotein (GP)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ansuvimab/)
- [**Atoltivimab + maftivimab + odesivimab** Zaire ebolavirus surface glycoprotein (GP)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/atoltivimab-maftivimab-odesivimab/)

## Echinocandins

- [**About this section** Intravenous antifungals that block making of the fungal cell wall. First choice for candidaemia; human cells…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/echinocandins/)
- [**Caspofungin** β-1,3-D-glucan synthase (Fks1 catalytic subunit)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/caspofungin/)
- [**Micafungin** β-1,3-D-glucan synthase (Fks1 catalytic subunit)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/micafungin/)
- [**Rezafungin** β-1,3-D-glucan synthase (Fks1 catalytic subunit)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rezafungin/)

## Fixed-dose antiretroviral combinations

- [**About this section** Two, three or more antiretrovirals in one tablet. Fewer pills mean better adherence and less risk of…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/fixed-dose-antiretroviral-combinations/)
- [**Dolutegravir + lamivudine + tenofovir disoproxil (TLD)** HIV integrase (intasome)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dolutegravir-lamivudine-tenofovir-disoproxil/)

## Fluoroquinolones

- [**About this section** Bactericidal antibiotics that trap DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV on cut DNA. Powerful, but with tendon…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/fluoroquinolones/)
- [**Ciprofloxacin** Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ciprofloxacin/)
- [**Delafloxacin** Bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/delafloxacin/)
- [**Levofloxacin** Bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/levofloxacin/)
- [**Moxifloxacin** Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/moxifloxacin/)
- [**Norfloxacin** Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/norfloxacin/)
- [**Ofloxacin** Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ofloxacin/)

## Glycopeptides

- [**About this section** Large antibiotics that block cell-wall building in gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA; vancomycin is the…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/glycopeptides/)
- [**Dalbavancin** D-Ala–D-Ala terminus of the peptidoglycan precursor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dalbavancin/)
- [**Oritavancin** D-Ala–D-Ala end of the peptidoglycan precursor and the bacterial membrane](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/oritavancin/)
- [**Telavancin** D-Ala–D-Ala end of the peptidoglycan precursor and the bacterial membrane](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/telavancin/)
- [**Vancomycin** D-Ala–D-Ala terminus of the peptidoglycan precursor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vancomycin/)

## Hepatitis B antivirals

- [**About this section** Oral antivirals that keep hepatitis B virus suppressed and protect the liver. Most people need them for…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/hepatitis-b-antivirals/)
- [**Adefovir** HBV polymerase (reverse transcriptase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/adefovir/)
- [**Bulevirtide** Sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bulevirtide/)
- [**Entecavir** Hepatitis B virus polymerase (reverse transcriptase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/entecavir/)

## Hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals

- [**About this section** Oral combinations that cure more than 95% of people with hepatitis C in a few weeks. They block three viral…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/hepatitis-c-direct-acting-antivirals/)
- [**Elbasvir + grazoprevir** HCV NS3/4A protease (grazoprevir) and NS5A protein (elbasvir)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/elbasvir-grazoprevir/)
- [**Glecaprevir + pibrentasvir** Hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease (glecaprevir) and NS5A protein (pibrentasvir)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/glecaprevir-pibrentasvir/)
- [**Ledipasvir + sofosbuvir** Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein (ledipasvir) and NS5B polymerase (sofosbuvir)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ledipasvir-sofosbuvir/)
- [**Sofosbuvir** Hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA polymerase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sofosbuvir/)
- [**Sofosbuvir + velpatasvir** Hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase (sofosbuvir) and NS5A protein (velpatasvir)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sofosbuvir-velpatasvir/)
- [**Sofosbuvir + velpatasvir + voxilaprevir** HCV NS5B polymerase (sofosbuvir), NS5A (velpatasvir) and NS3/4A protease (voxilaprevir)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sofosbuvir-velpatasvir-voxilaprevir/)

## HIV capsid inhibitors

- [**About this section** Antiretrovirals that bind the protein shell (capsid) around the HIV genome. Lenacapavir is the first, and it…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/hiv-capsid-inhibitors/)
- [**Lenacapavir** HIV-1 capsid protein (p24)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lenacapavir/)

## HIV entry inhibitors

- [**About this section** Drugs that stop HIV entering the cell, either by covering the CCR5 co-receptor or by preventing the viral…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/hiv-entry-inhibitors/)
- [**Enfuvirtide** HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/enfuvirtide/)
- [**Fostemsavir** HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fostemsavir/)
- [**Ibalizumab** CD4 receptor (domain 2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ibalizumab/)
- [**Maraviroc** Human CCR5 chemokine receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/maraviroc/)

## HIV protease inhibitors (PIs)

- [**About this section** They block HIV's scissors: without protease, viral proteins are not cut to size and new particles come out…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/hiv-protease-inhibitors/)
- [**Atazanavir** HIV-1 protease](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/atazanavir/)
- [**Cobicistat** Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cobicistat/)
- [**Darunavir** HIV-1 protease](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/darunavir/)
- [**Lopinavir/ritonavir** HIV-1 protease](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lopinavir-ritonavir/)
- [**Ritonavir** HIV-1 protease](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ritonavir/)

## Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)

- [**About this section** They stop HIV DNA from being inserted into the cell's DNA. Dolutegravir is now the backbone of…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/integrase-strand-transfer-inhibitors/)
- [**Bictegravir** HIV integrase (intasome)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bictegravir/)
- [**Cabotegravir** HIV integrase (intasome)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cabotegravir/)
- [**Dolutegravir** HIV integrase (intasome)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dolutegravir/)
- [**Raltegravir** HIV integrase (intasome)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/raltegravir/)

## Lincosamides

- [**About this section** Clindamycin and lincomycin block the peptidyl transferase centre of the 50S ribosome. Strong against…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/lincosamides/)
- [**Clindamycin** Bacterial ribosome, 50S subunit (23S rRNA, peptidyl transferase centre)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/clindamycin/)

## Lipopeptides

- [**About this section** Antibiotics that insert into the gram-positive membrane and depolarize it; daptomycin is the only one in use.](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/lipopeptides/)
- [**Daptomycin** Cytoplasmic membrane of gram-positive bacteria](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/daptomycin/)

## Macrolides

- [**About this section** Large-ring antibiotics that plug the exit tunnel of the bacterial ribosome. They cover atypical pneumonia…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/macrolides/)
- [**Azithromycin** Bacterial ribosome, 50S subunit (23S rRNA, exit tunnel)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/azithromycin/)
- [**Clarithromycin** Bacterial ribosome, 50S subunit (23S rRNA, exit tunnel)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/clarithromycin/)
- [**Erythromycin** Bacterial ribosome, 50S subunit (23S rRNA, exit tunnel)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/erythromycin/)
- [**Fidaxomicin** Bacterial RNA polymerase (Clostridioides difficile)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fidaxomicin/)

## Monobactams

- [**About this section** β-lactams with a single ring that act only on aerobic gram-negatives and rarely cross-react with penicillin…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/monobactams/)
- [**Aztreonam** Penicillin-binding protein 3 of gram-negative bacteria](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/aztreonam/)
- [**Aztreonam + avibactam** Gram-negative PBP3 (aztreonam) and class A, C and some D beta-lactamases (avibactam)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/aztreonam-avibactam/)

## Nitroimidazoles

- [**About this section** Prodrugs activated only inside anaerobes and protozoa, where they shred DNA. For anaerobes, trichomoniasis…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/nitroimidazoles/)
- [**Metronidazole** DNA of anaerobic bacteria and protozoa (after reduction of the nitro group)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/metronidazole/)
- [**Secnidazole** DNA of anaerobic bacteria and protozoa (after reduction of the nitro group)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/secnidazole/)
- [**Tinidazole** DNA of anaerobic bacteria and protozoa (after reduction of the nitro group)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tinidazole/)

## Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

- [**About this section** Drugs that wedge into a pocket of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, away from the active site, and bend the…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/non-nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitors/)
- [**Doravirine** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTI pocket)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/doravirine/)
- [**Efavirenz** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTI pocket)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/efavirenz/)
- [**Etravirine** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTI pocket)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/etravirine/)
- [**Nevirapine** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTI pocket)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nevirapine/)
- [**Rilpivirine** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTI pocket)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rilpivirine/)

## Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

- [**About this section** Fake DNA building blocks: HIV reverse transcriptase adds them and the viral DNA chain stops. They form the…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/nucleoside-nucleotide-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitors/)
- [**Abacavir** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/abacavir/)
- [**Emtricitabine** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/emtricitabine/)
- [**Lamivudine** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lamivudine/)
- [**Tenofovir alafenamide** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tenofovir-alafenamide/)
- [**Tenofovir disoproxil** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tenofovir-disoproxil/)
- [**Zidovudine** HIV-1 reverse transcriptase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/zidovudine/)

## Other antibacterials

- [**About this section** Antibacterials that fit no larger family: chloramphenicol, rifaximin and spectinomycin, each with a narrow…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/other-antibacterials/)
- [**Chloramphenicol** Bacterial ribosome, 50S subunit (peptidyl transferase centre)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/chloramphenicol/)
- [**Rifaximin** Bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, β subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rifaximin/)
- [**Spectinomycin** Bacterial ribosome, 30S subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/spectinomycin/)

## Other antifungals

- [**About this section** Antifungals with their own targets: terbinafine (squalene epoxidase), flucytosine (fungal DNA and RNA) and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/other-antifungals/)
- [**Ciclopirox** Metal-dependent fungal enzymes (through cation chelation)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ciclopirox/)
- [**Flucytosine** Fungal RNA and thymidylate synthase, through its metabolite fluorouracil](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/flucytosine/)
- [**Griseofulvin** Fungal microtubules (tubulin)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/griseofulvin/)
- [**Ibrexafungerp** Fungal β-1,3-D-glucan synthase (Fks1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ibrexafungerp/)
- [**Terbinafine** Fungal squalene epoxidase (ERG1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/terbinafine/)

## Other antiprotozoals

- [**About this section** Antiprotozoal drugs outside the main groups: pyrimethamine for toxoplasmosis, atovaquone for Pneumocystis…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/other-antiprotozoals/)
- [**Atovaquone** Mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III), Qo site, of the parasite or fungus](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/atovaquone/)
- [**Nitazoxanide** Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) of anaerobic protozoa and bacteria](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nitazoxanide/)
- [**Paromomycin** Decoding (A) site of the 16S ribosomal RNA, small ribosomal subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/paromomycin/)
- [**Pyrimethamine** Parasite dihydrofolate reductase (bifunctional DHFR-thymidylate synthase of Toxoplasma and Plasmodium)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pyrimethamine/)

## Other antivirals

- [**About this section** Antivirals that do not fit the herpes, flu, hepatitis B or HIV groups: ribavirin and the COVID-19 drugs…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/other-antivirals/)
- [**Molnupiravir** SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/molnupiravir/)
- [**Nirmatrelvir + ritonavir** SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro, 3CL protease)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nirmatrelvir-ritonavir/)
- [**Remdesivir** SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/remdesivir/)
- [**Ribavirin** Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) and viral RNA polymerase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ribavirin/)
- [**Tecovirimat** Orthopoxvirus envelope protein F13 (VP37)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tecovirimat/)

## Oxazolidinones

- [**About this section** Synthetic antibiotics that block the start of bacterial protein synthesis; active against MRSA and VRE, also…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/oxazolidinones/)
- [**Linezolid** Peptidyl-transferase centre of the 23S rRNA, 50S ribosomal subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/linezolid/)
- [**Tedizolid** Peptidyl-transferase centre of the 23S rRNA, 50S ribosomal subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tedizolid/)

## Pleuromutilins

- [**About this section** Fungus-derived antibiotics that block the peptidyl transferase centre of the 50S ribosome; lefamulin treats…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/pleuromutilins/)
- [**Lefamulin** Bacterial ribosome, 50S subunit (peptidyl transferase centre)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lefamulin/)

## Polyene antifungals

- [**About this section** Antifungals that bind ergosterol and open holes in the fungal membrane. Amphotericin B goes by vein…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/polyene-antifungals/)
- [**Amphotericin B** Ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane (a sterol, not a protein)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amphotericin-b/)
- [**Nystatin** Ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane (a sterol, not a protein)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nystatin/)

## Polymyxins

- [**About this section** Old, detergent-like antibiotics that punch holes in the gram-negative membrane; a last resort for…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/polymyxins/)
- [**Colistin (colistimethate)** Lipid A of the lipopolysaccharide, gram-negative outer membrane](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/colistin/)
- [**Polymyxin B** Lipid A of the lipopolysaccharide, gram-negative outer membrane](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/polymyxin-b/)

## Streptogramins

- [**About this section** A pair of antibiotics (type A and type B) that bind the 50S ribosome and together kill multidrug-resistant…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/streptogramins/)
- [**Quinupristin + dalfopristin** Bacterial ribosome, 50S subunit (peptidyl transferase centre and exit tunnel)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/quinupristin-dalfopristin/)

## Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

- [**About this section** Antifolates that starve bacteria of folate in two steps: sulfonamides block dihydropteroate synthase…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/sulfonamides-and-trimethoprim/)
- [**Sulfadiazine** Dihydropteroate synthase (bacterial and Toxoplasma folate pathway)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sulfadiazine/)
- [**Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole)** Dihydropteroate synthase (sulfamethoxazole) and dihydrofolate reductase (trimethoprim)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim/)
- [**Trimethoprim** Bacterial dihydrofolate reductase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/trimethoprim/)

## Tetracyclines

- [**About this section** Four-ring antibiotics that block tRNA docking on the 30S ribosome. Key for rickettsiae, chlamydia…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/tetracyclines/)
- [**Demeclocycline** Bacterial ribosome, 30S subunit (16S rRNA, A site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/demeclocycline/)
- [**Doxycycline** Bacterial ribosome, 30S subunit (16S rRNA, A site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/doxycycline/)
- [**Eravacycline** Bacterial ribosome, 30S subunit (16S rRNA, A site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/eravacycline/)
- [**Minocycline** Bacterial ribosome, 30S subunit (16S rRNA, A site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/minocycline/)
- [**Omadacycline** Bacterial ribosome, 30S subunit (16S rRNA, A site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/omadacycline/)
- [**Tetracycline** Bacterial ribosome, 30S subunit (16S rRNA, A site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tetracycline/)
- [**Tigecycline** Bacterial ribosome, 30S subunit (16S rRNA, A site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tigecycline/)

## Urinary antiseptics

- [**About this section** Antibacterials that reach useful levels only in the urine: nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin and methenamine, for…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/urinary-antiseptics/)
- [**Fosfomycin** UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fosfomycin/)
- [**Methenamine** Bacterial proteins and nucleic acids in the urine (via formaldehyde)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/methenamine/)
- [**Nitrofurantoin** Bacterial ribosomal proteins and other macromolecules (after reduction by bacterial flavoproteins)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nitrofurantoin/)

## A to Z

- [A](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/a/)
- [B](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/b/)
- [C](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/c/)
- [D](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/d/)
- [E](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/e/)
- [F](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/f/)
- [G](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/g/)
- [H](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/h/)
- [I](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/i/)
- [K](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/k/)
- [L](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/l/)
- [M](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/m/)
- [N](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/n/)
- [O](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/o/)
- [P](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/p/)
- [Q](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/q/)
- [R](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/r/)
- [S](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/s/)
- [T](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/t/)
- [U](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/u/)
- [V](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/v/)
- [W](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/w/)
- [X](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/x/)
- [Y](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/y/)
- [Z](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/z/)

[← Pharmacology](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/)

Educational content on how drugs work; not a prescribing guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. No doses are given.

Representative model, for educational purposes only.

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Source: https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/areas/anti-infective/
License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/areas/anti-infective/