[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [Pharmacology](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/) › Cardiovascular

# Cardiovascular

107 drugs

## ACE inhibitors

- [**About this section** Medicines that block the enzyme making angiotensin II, so vessels relax and the heart and kidneys work under…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/ace-inhibitors/)
- [**Captopril** Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/captopril/)
- [**Enalapril** Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/enalapril/)
- [**Lisinopril** Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lisinopril/)
- [**Perindopril** Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/perindopril/)
- [**Ramipril** Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ramipril/)

## Adrenergic neuron blockers

- [**About this section** Old antihypertensives that empty or block the noradrenaline stores of sympathetic nerves. Today they are…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/adrenergic-neuron-blockers/)
- [**Metirosine (metyrosine)** Tyrosine hydroxylase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/metirosine/)
- [**Reserpine** Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/reserpine/)

## Alpha blockers

- [**About this section** Medicines that block alpha adrenergic receptors, relaxing vessels and the prostate. Used for benign…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/alpha-blockers/)
- [**Doxazosin** Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/doxazosin/)
- [**Phenoxybenzamine** Alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (covalent bond)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/phenoxybenzamine/)
- [**Phentolamine** Alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/phentolamine/)
- [**Prazosin** Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/prazosin/)
- [**Tamsulosin** Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tamsulosin/)
- [**Terazosin** Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/terazosin/)

## Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

- [**About this section** Medicines that stop angiotensin II from acting on its AT1 receptor. They lower blood pressure much like ACE…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/angiotensin-ii-receptor-blockers/)
- [**Candesartan** Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/candesartan/)
- [**Irbesartan** Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/irbesartan/)
- [**Losartan** Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/losartan/)
- [**Telmisartan** Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/telmisartan/)
- [**Valsartan** Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/valsartan/)

## Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI)

- [**About this section** A combination that blocks the AT1 receptor and the enzyme neprilysin, so natriuretic peptides last longer…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/angiotensin-receptor-neprilysin-inhibitors/)
- [**Sacubitril/valsartan** Neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sacubitril-valsartan/)

## ANGPTL3 inhibitors

- [**About this section** Drugs that neutralise ANGPTL3, a liver protein that brakes lipases. They lower LDL without needing LDL…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/angptl3-inhibitors/)
- [**Evinacumab** Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), a circulating inhibitor of lipoprotein and endothelial lipases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/evinacumab/)

## Antiarrhythmics

- [**About this section** Medicines that slow, convert or prevent abnormal heart rhythms by acting on ion channels, beta receptors or…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antiarrhythmics/)
- [**Adenosine** Adenosine A1 receptor (AV node)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/adenosine/)
- [**Amiodarone** Cardiac potassium (hERG/IKr), sodium and L-type calcium channels; β-adrenergic receptors (the L-type calcium channel Cav1.2 is shown)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amiodarone/)
- [**Disopyramide** Cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 (and muscarinic receptors)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/disopyramide/)
- [**Dofetilide** hERG potassium channel (IKr)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dofetilide/)
- [**Dronedarone** Cardiac potassium (hERG/IKr and others), sodium and L-type calcium channels; also beta-adrenergic receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dronedarone/)
- [**Flecainide** Cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/flecainide/)
- [**Ibutilide** Cardiac repolarising currents (slow inward sodium current and hERG/IKr)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ibutilide/)
- [**Mexiletine** Cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mexiletine/)
- [**Procainamide** Cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 (and potassium channels, through its metabolite NAPA)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/procainamide/)
- [**Propafenone** Cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 (and β-adrenergic receptors)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/propafenone/)
- [**Quinidine** Cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 (and potassium channels)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/quinidine/)
- [**Vernakalant** Atrial potassium currents (IK,ACh; Ito through Kv4.3) and hERG, plus rate-dependent sodium-channel block](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vernakalant/)

## ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral cholesterol-lowering drugs that block an enzyme one step before the statin target, inside liver cells…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/atp-citrate-lyase-inhibitors/)
- [**Bempedoic acid** ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bempedoic-acid/)

## Beta blockers

- [**About this section** Medicines that shield the heart from adrenaline: the heart beats slower and with less force, so it needs…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/beta-blockers/)
- [**Atenolol** β1-adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/atenolol/)
- [**Bisoprolol** β1-adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bisoprolol/)
- [**Carvedilol** β- and α1-adrenergic receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/carvedilol/)
- [**Esmolol** β1-adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/esmolol/)
- [**Labetalol** β- and α1-adrenergic receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/labetalol/)
- [**Metoprolol** β1-adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/metoprolol/)
- [**Nebivolol** β1-adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nebivolol/)
- [**Propranolol** β-adrenergic receptors (β1 and β2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/propranolol/)
- [**Sotalol** hERG potassium channel (IKr) and β-adrenergic receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sotalol/)

## Bile acid sequestrants

- [**About this section** Non-absorbed resins that trap bile acids in the gut. The liver uses cholesterol to make new bile acids, so…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/bile-acid-sequestrants/)
- [**Colesevelam** Bile acids in the gut lumen](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/colesevelam/)
- [**Colestipol** Bile acids in the intestinal lumen (anion-exchange resin)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/colestipol/)
- [**Colestyramine** Bile acids in the gut lumen](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/colestyramine/)

## Calcium channel blockers

- [**About this section** Medicines that block L-type calcium channels, so arteries relax and, with some members, the heart beats…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/calcium-channel-blockers/)
- [**Amlodipine** L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV1.2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amlodipine/)
- [**Diltiazem** L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV1.2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/diltiazem/)
- [**Nicardipine** L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV1.2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nicardipine/)
- [**Nifedipine** L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV1.2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nifedipine/)
- [**Nimodipine** L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV1.2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nimodipine/)
- [**Verapamil** L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV1.2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/verapamil/)

## Cardiac glycosides

- [**About this section** Plant-derived medicines (from foxglove) that make the heart contract a little stronger and slow conduction…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/cardiac-glycosides/)
- [**Digoxin** Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/digoxin/)

## Cardiac myosin inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral drugs that calm an overactive heart muscle by limiting myosin-actin cross-bridges. Used in obstructive…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/cardiac-myosin-inhibitors/)
- [**Mavacamten** Cardiac β-myosin (MYH7), motor domain ATPase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mavacamten/)

## Centrally acting antihypertensives

- [**About this section** Blood pressure medicines that act in the brainstem to turn down the sympathetic nervous system. Methyldopa…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/centrally-acting-antihypertensives/)
- [**Clonidine** Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/clonidine/)
- [**Lofexidine** Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lofexidine/)
- [**Methyldopa** Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor (through alpha-methylnorepinephrine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/methyldopa/)

## Cholesterol absorption inhibitors

- [**About this section** Drugs that block cholesterol uptake in the small intestine. Ezetimibe is the usual add-on when a statin…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/cholesterol-absorption-inhibitors/)
- [**Ezetimibe** NPC1L1 sterol transporter](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ezetimibe/)

## Direct renin inhibitors

- [**About this section** Antihypertensives that block renin itself, the first step of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/direct-renin-inhibitors/)
- [**Aliskiren** Renin](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/aliskiren/)

## Direct vasodilators

- [**About this section** Medicines that relax the muscle of blood vessels directly. They lower blood pressure strongly but trigger a…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/direct-vasodilators/)
- [**Hydralazine** Arteriolar smooth muscle (molecular target not fully established)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/hydralazine/)
- [**Minoxidil** ATP-sensitive potassium channel of vascular smooth muscle (SUR2 subunit)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/minoxidil/)
- [**Nesiritide** Natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nesiritide/)
- [**Sodium nitroprusside** Soluble guanylyl cyclase (activated by the nitric oxide it releases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sodium-nitroprusside/)

## Fibrates

- [**About this section** PPAR-alpha agonists that mainly lower triglycerides. Used for very high triglycerides, especially to reduce…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/fibrates/)
- [**Fenofibrate** PPARα (nuclear receptor)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fenofibrate/)
- [**Gemfibrozil** PPARα (nuclear receptor)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/gemfibrozil/)

## Ganglionic blockers

- [**About this section** Drugs that block nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, switching off both sympathetic and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/ganglionic-blockers/)
- [**Mecamylamine** Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of autonomic ganglia (channel blocker)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mecamylamine/)

## Haemorheologic agents

- [**About this section** Xanthine derivatives that make blood flow more easily through narrowed small vessels. Pentoxifylline is used…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/haemorheologic-agents/)
- [**Pentoxifylline** Phosphodiesterases (non-selective; PDE4A shown)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pentoxifylline/)

## Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral drugs that stop the liver and gut from assembling VLDL and chylomicrons. Reserved for homozygous…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/microsomal-triglyceride-transfer-protein-inhibitors/)
- [**Lomitapide** Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), large subunit](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lomitapide/)

## Nicotinic acid and derivatives

- [**About this section** Niacin (vitamin B3) at lipid-lowering doses: it lowers triglycerides and LDL and raises HDL, but flushing…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/nicotinic-acid-and-derivatives/)
- [**Nicotinic acid (niacin)** Niacin receptor HCA2 (GPR109A)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nicotinic-acid/)

## Organic nitrates

- [**About this section** Vasodilators that release nitric oxide and relax mainly the veins, easing the heart's work in angina. Never…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/organic-nitrates/)
- [**Glyceryl trinitrate** Soluble guanylate cyclase (activated by the nitric oxide released from the drug)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/glyceryl-trinitrate/)
- [**Isosorbide dinitrate** Soluble guanylate cyclase (activated by nitric oxide)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/isosorbide-dinitrate/)
- [**Isosorbide mononitrate** Soluble guanylate cyclase (activated by nitric oxide)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/isosorbide-mononitrate/)

## Other antianginals

- [**About this section** Antianginals outside the nitrate, beta blocker and calcium channel blocker groups: ivabradine slows the…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/other-antianginals/)
- [**Ivabradine** HCN4 channel of the sinoatrial node (If current)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ivabradine/)
- [**Ranolazine** Cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 (late sodium current)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ranolazine/)
- [**Trimetazidine** Long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (mitochondrial)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/trimetazidine/)

## PCSK9 inhibitors

- [**About this section** Injectable antibodies that stop PCSK9 from destroying LDL receptors. They lower LDL strongly on top of a…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/pcsk9-inhibitors/)
- [**Alirocumab** PCSK9 (circulating protein)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/alirocumab/)
- [**Evolocumab** PCSK9 (circulating protein)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/evolocumab/)
- [**Inclisiran** PCSK9 messenger RNA in liver cells (blocks PCSK9 protein synthesis)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/inclisiran/)

## Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors

- [**About this section** Drugs that keep cGMP high in smooth muscle, so blood vessels relax. Used for erectile dysfunction and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitors/)
- [**Sildenafil** Phosphodiesterase type 5 (cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sildenafil/)
- [**Tadalafil** Phosphodiesterase type 5 (cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tadalafil/)
- [**Vardenafil** Phosphodiesterase type 5 (cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vardenafil/)

## Prescription omega-3 fatty acids

- [**About this section** Purified fish-oil fatty acids (EPA, with or without DHA) that lower triglycerides; one, icosapent ethyl…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/prescription-omega-3-fatty-acids/)
- [**Icosapent ethyl** Hepatic triglyceride and VLDL synthesis (no single protein target)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/icosapent-ethyl/)

## Pulmonary arterial hypertension drugs (endothelin receptor antagonists and prostacyclins)

- [**About this section** Medicines that relax and remodel the narrowed lung arteries of pulmonary arterial hypertension, easing the…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-drugs/)
- [**Ambrisentan** Endothelin receptor type A](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ambrisentan/)
- [**Bosentan** Endothelin receptors type A and type B](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bosentan/)
- [**Epoprostenol** Prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/epoprostenol/)
- [**Iloprost** Prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/iloprost/)
- [**Macitentan** Endothelin receptors type A and type B](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/macitentan/)
- [**Selexipag** Prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/selexipag/)
- [**Sotatercept** Activin A and related ligands (GDF8, GDF11), trapped by an ActRIIA–Fc fusion protein](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sotatercept/)
- [**Treprostinil** Prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/treprostinil/)

## Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators

- [**About this section** Drugs that switch on the nitric oxide receptor in blood vessels, raising cGMP and relaxing them. Used in…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/soluble-guanylate-cyclase-stimulators/)
- [**Riociguat** Soluble guanylate cyclase (α1β1), the nitric oxide receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/riociguat/)
- [**Vericiguat** Soluble guanylate cyclase (α1β1), the nitric oxide receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vericiguat/)

## Statins

- [**About this section** The main cholesterol-lowering drugs: they slow the liver's cholesterol production, lower LDL and prevent…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/statins/)
- [**Atorvastatin** HMG-CoA reductase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/atorvastatin/)
- [**Fluvastatin** HMG-CoA reductase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fluvastatin/)
- [**Lovastatin** HMG-CoA reductase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lovastatin/)
- [**Pravastatin** HMG-CoA reductase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pravastatin/)
- [**Rosuvastatin** HMG-CoA reductase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rosuvastatin/)
- [**Simvastatin** HMG-CoA reductase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/simvastatin/)

## Vasopressors and inotropes

- [**About this section** Intravenous medicines that raise blood pressure or make the heart pump harder in shock. They are high-alert…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/vasopressors-and-inotropes/)
- [**Dobutamine** Beta-1 adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dobutamine/)
- [**Dopamine** Dopamine D1 receptor (also beta-1 and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dopamine/)
- [**Ephedrine** Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, plus release of stored norepinephrine](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ephedrine/)
- [**Epinephrine** Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (beta-2 shown)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/epinephrine/)
- [**Isoprenaline** Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/isoprenaline/)
- [**Levosimendan** Cardiac troponin C (calcium sensitiser); also ATP-sensitive potassium channels](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/levosimendan/)
- [**Midodrine** Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (through desglymidodrine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/midodrine/)
- [**Milrinone** Phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/milrinone/)
- [**Norepinephrine** Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor (also beta-1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/norepinephrine/)
- [**Phenylephrine** Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/phenylephrine/)

## A to Z

- [A](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/a/)
- [B](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/b/)
- [C](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/c/)
- [D](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/d/)
- [E](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/e/)
- [F](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/f/)
- [G](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/g/)
- [H](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/h/)
- [I](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/i/)
- [K](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/k/)
- [L](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/l/)
- [M](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/m/)
- [N](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/n/)
- [O](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/o/)
- [P](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/p/)
- [Q](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/q/)
- [R](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/r/)
- [S](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/s/)
- [T](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/t/)
- [U](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/u/)
- [V](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/v/)
- [W](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/w/)
- [X](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/x/)
- [Y](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/y/)
- [Z](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/z/)

[← Pharmacology](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/)

Educational content on how drugs work; not a prescribing guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. No doses are given.

Representative model, for educational purposes only.

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Source: https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/areas/cardiovascular/
License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/areas/cardiovascular/