[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [Pharmacology](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/) › Nervous system and psychiatry # Nervous system and psychiatry 172 drugs ## Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists - [**About this section** Non-dopaminergic add-on for Parkinson disease: blocking striatal A2A receptors boosts D2 signalling and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/adenosine-a2a-receptor-antagonists/) - [**Istradefylline** Adenosine A2A receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/istradefylline/) ## ADHD medicines - [**About this section** Stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamines) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine) that raise dopamine and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/adhd-medicines/) - [**Amfetamine** Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and the dopamine and noradrenaline transporters](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amfetamine/) - [**Atomoxetine** Noradrenaline transporter (NET)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/atomoxetine/) - [**Dexamfetamine** Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and the dopamine and noradrenaline transporters](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dexamfetamine/) - [**Guanfacine** Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor (agonist)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/guanfacine/) - [**Methylphenidate** Dopamine transporter (DAT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/methylphenidate/) - [**Viloxazine** Noradrenaline transporter (NET); also serotonin 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/viloxazine/) ## Anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies - [**About this section** Antibodies that clear amyloid plaques from the brain in early Alzheimer disease. They slow decline but do…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/anti-amyloid-monoclonal-antibodies/) - [**Donanemab** Amyloid beta (Aβ) in amyloid plaques](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/donanemab/) - [**Lecanemab** Aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ), cleaved from amyloid precursor protein](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lecanemab/) ## Antiparkinson anticholinergics - [**About this section** Central antimuscarinic drugs for tremor and drug-induced dystonia or parkinsonism. Poorly tolerated by older…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antiparkinson-anticholinergics/) - [**Benzatropine** Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 shown)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/benzatropine/) - [**Biperiden** Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 shown)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/biperiden/) - [**Trihexyphenidyl** Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 shown)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/trihexyphenidyl/) ## Antiseizure medicines - [**About this section** Medicines that calm overexcited brain circuits so seizures stop or happen less often. Most people with…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antiseizure-medicines/) - [**Brivaracetam** Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/brivaracetam/) - [**Cannabidiol** Several possible targets (antiseizure mechanism not established)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cannabidiol/) - [**Carbamazepine** Voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/carbamazepine/) - [**Cenobamate** Voltage-gated sodium channels (persistent current) and the GABA-A receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cenobamate/) - [**Clobazam** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/clobazam/) - [**Eslicarbazepine** Voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/eslicarbazepine/) - [**Ethosuximide** T-type calcium channel (Cav3)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ethosuximide/) - [**Felbamate** NMDA receptor, glycine site (GluN1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/felbamate/) - [**Fenfluramine** Serotonin transporter (SERT) and serotonin receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fenfluramine/) - [**Fosphenytoin** Voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav), through phenytoin](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fosphenytoin/) - [**Lacosamide** Voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lacosamide/) - [**Lamotrigine** Voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lamotrigine/) - [**Levetiracetam** Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/levetiracetam/) - [**Oxcarbazepine** Voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/oxcarbazepine/) - [**Perampanel** AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptor (GluA2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/perampanel/) - [**Phenobarbital** GABA-A receptor (α1β2γ2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/phenobarbital/) - [**Phenytoin** Voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/phenytoin/) - [**Primidone** GABA-A receptor (through its metabolite phenobarbital)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/primidone/) - [**Rufinamide** Voltage-gated sodium channels](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rufinamide/) - [**Stiripentol** GABA-A receptor and GABA metabolism](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/stiripentol/) - [**Tiagabine** GABA transporter 1 (GAT-1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tiagabine/) - [**Topiramate** Several targets; the figure shows carbonic anhydrase II](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/topiramate/) - [**Valproic acid** Several targets: sodium channels, T-type calcium channels, GABA levels and histone deacetylases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/valproic-acid/) - [**Vigabatrin** GABA transaminase (GABA-T)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vigabatrin/) - [**Zonisamide** Voltage-gated sodium channels and T-type calcium channels](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/zonisamide/) ## Antivertigo agents - [**About this section** Medicines that reduce vertigo from inner-ear disorders such as Ménière's disease.](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antivertigo-agents/) - [**Betahistine** Inner-ear circulation (mechanism not fully established)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/betahistine/) ## Atypical antidepressants - [**About this section** Antidepressants that work in other ways than the classic groups: bupropion, mirtazapine and trazodone. Each…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/atypical-antidepressants/) - [**Bupropion** Norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine transporter (DAT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bupropion/) - [**Esketamine** NMDA glutamate receptor (GluN1/GluN2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/esketamine/) - [**Mirtazapine** Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor (also 5-HT2, 5-HT3 and H1 receptors)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mirtazapine/) - [**Nefazodone** Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (antagonist); weak serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nefazodone/) - [**Trazodone** Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (also SERT, alpha-1 and H1 receptors)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/trazodone/) - [**Vilazodone** Serotonin transporter (SERT); also 5-HT1A receptor (partial agonist)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vilazodone/) - [**Vortioxetine** Serotonin transporter (SERT); also 5-HT3, 5-HT7 and 5-HT1D receptors (antagonist) and 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B (partial agonist); the 5-HT3A receptor is shown](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vortioxetine/) ## Barbiturates - [**About this section** Old sedative-hypnotics that act on GABA-A receptors. Now used mainly for seizures and anaesthesia, because…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/barbiturates/) - [**Pentobarbital** GABA-A receptor (barbiturate site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pentobarbital/) ## Benzodiazepines - [**About this section** Calming medicines that strengthen the brain's main brake, GABA. They treat anxiety, seizures and alcohol…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/benzodiazepines/) - [**Alprazolam** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/alprazolam/) - [**Chlordiazepoxide** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/chlordiazepoxide/) - [**Clonazepam** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/clonazepam/) - [**Diazepam** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/diazepam/) - [**Lorazepam** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lorazepam/) - [**Midazolam** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/midazolam/) - [**Oxazepam** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/oxazepam/) - [**Remimazolam** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/remimazolam/) - [**Temazepam** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/temazepam/) - [**Triazolam** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/triazolam/) ## CGRP antagonists (gepants and anti-CGRP antibodies) - [**About this section** Migraine medicines that block CGRP, a neuropeptide released by trigeminal nerves: monthly antibodies for…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/cgrp-antagonists/) - [**Atogepant** CGRP receptor (calcitonin receptor-like receptor, CALCRL, with RAMP1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/atogepant/) - [**Erenumab** CGRP receptor (calcitonin receptor-like receptor, CALCRL)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/erenumab/) - [**Fremanezumab** CGRP peptide (the ligand, not the receptor)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fremanezumab/) - [**Galcanezumab** CGRP peptide (the ligand, not the receptor)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/galcanezumab/) - [**Rimegepant** CGRP receptor (calcitonin receptor-like receptor, CALCRL, with RAMP1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rimegepant/) - [**Ubrogepant** CGRP receptor (calcitonin receptor-like receptor, CALCRL, with RAMP1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ubrogepant/) ## Cholinesterase inhibitors - [**About this section** Medicines that slow the breakdown of acetylcholine, so more of it acts on nerves and muscles. Used in…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/cholinesterase-inhibitors/) - [**Donepezil** Acetylcholinesterase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/donepezil/) - [**Edrophonium** Acetylcholinesterase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/edrophonium/) - [**Galantamine** Acetylcholinesterase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/galantamine/) - [**Neostigmine** Acetylcholinesterase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/neostigmine/) - [**Physostigmine** Acetylcholinesterase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/physostigmine/) - [**Pyridostigmine** Acetylcholinesterase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pyridostigmine/) - [**Rivastigmine** Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rivastigmine/) ## COMT inhibitors - [**About this section** Add-on drugs that make each levodopa dose last longer by blocking its breakdown by COMT. Used for…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/comt-inhibitors/) - [**Entacapone** Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/entacapone/) - [**Opicapone** Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/opicapone/) - [**Tolcapone** Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tolcapone/) ## Ditans (5-HT1F receptor agonists) - [**About this section** Migraine attack medicines that stimulate the serotonin 5-HT1F receptor on trigeminal nerves without…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/ditans/) - [**Lasmiditan** Serotonin 5-HT1F receptor (HTR1F)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lasmiditan/) ## Dopamine agonists - [**About this section** Drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors directly. Used in Parkinson disease, restless legs and high…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/dopamine-agonists/) - [**Apomorphine** Dopamine receptors (D1 and D2 families)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/apomorphine/) - [**Bromocriptine** Dopamine D2 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bromocriptine/) - [**Cabergoline** Dopamine D2 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cabergoline/) - [**Pramipexole** Dopamine D3 and D2 receptors (D3 shown)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pramipexole/) - [**Ropinirole** Dopamine D2 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ropinirole/) - [**Rotigotine** Dopamine D2-like receptors (also D1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rotigotine/) ## Dopaminergic antiparkinson agents (levodopa and amantadine) - [**About this section** Medicines that restore dopamine signalling in the brain in Parkinson disease. Levodopa, given with a…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/dopaminergic-antiparkinson-agents/) - [**Amantadine** NMDA glutamate receptor (channel pore)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amantadine/) - [**Levodopa + benserazide** Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/levodopa-benserazide/) - [**Levodopa + carbidopa** Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/levodopa-carbidopa/) ## First-generation antipsychotics - [**About this section** The older «typical» antipsychotics: they block dopamine D2 receptors, calm psychosis and often cause…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/first-generation-antipsychotics/) - [**Chlorpromazine** Dopamine D2 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/chlorpromazine/) - [**Fluphenazine** Dopamine D2 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fluphenazine/) - [**Haloperidol** Dopamine D2 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/haloperidol/) - [**Loxapine** Dopamine D2 receptor (antagonist)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/loxapine/) - [**Pimozide** Dopamine D2 receptor (antagonist); hERG potassium channel shown](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pimozide/) ## MAO-B inhibitors - [**About this section** Drugs that slow the breakdown of dopamine in the brain. Modest benefit in Parkinson disease; watch for…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/mao-b-inhibitors/) - [**Rasagiline** Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rasagiline/) - [**Safinamide** Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/safinamide/) - [**Selegiline** Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/selegiline/) ## Medicines for alcohol use disorder - [**About this section** Medicines that help people stay away from alcohol: acamprosate eases craving, naltrexone reduces reward and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/medicines-for-alcohol-use-disorder/) - [**Acamprosate** Glutamate and GABA systems (mechanism not fully known)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/acamprosate/) - [**Disulfiram** Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/disulfiram/) ## Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) - [**About this section** Antidepressants that block the enzyme breaking down serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. Reserved for…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors/) - [**Phenelzine** Monoamine oxidase A and B](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/phenelzine/) - [**Tranylcypromine** Monoamine oxidase A and B](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tranylcypromine/) ## Mood stabilizers - [**About this section** Medicines that treat mania and prevent new episodes of bipolar disorder. Lithium is the classic one…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/mood-stabilizers/) - [**Lithium carbonate** Inositol monophosphatase and GSK-3 (proposed)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lithium-carbonate/) ## Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies - [**About this section** Long-term immune-modulating medicines that reduce relapses and new lesions in multiple sclerosis; several…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/multiple-sclerosis-disease-modifying-therapies/) - [**Alemtuzumab** CD52, a surface protein of lymphocytes](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/alemtuzumab/) - [**Dimethyl fumarate** KEAP1, the protein that controls the transcription factor Nrf2](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dimethyl-fumarate/) - [**Fampridine** Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fampridine/) - [**Fingolimod** Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1; also S1P3, S1P4, S1P5)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fingolimod/) - [**Glatiramer acetate** MHC class II molecules and myelin-reactive T cells (immunomodulation)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/glatiramer-acetate/) - [**Natalizumab** Alpha-4 integrin (α4β1 and α4β7)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/natalizumab/) - [**Ocrelizumab** CD20 on B lymphocytes](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ocrelizumab/) - [**Ozanimod** Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ozanimod/) - [**Siponimod** Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/siponimod/) - [**Teriflunomide** Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/teriflunomide/) ## Muscarinic antipsychotics - [**About this section** Antipsychotics that act through muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors instead of blocking dopamine D2 receptors…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/muscarinic-antipsychotics/) - [**Xanomeline and trospium** Muscarinic M4 and M1 receptors (xanomeline, agonist); M4 shown](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/xanomeline-and-trospium/) ## Neuroprotective agents for ALS - [**About this section** Riluzole and edaravone, medicines that modestly slow amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. They do not cure it or…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/neuroprotective-agents-for-als/) - [**Edaravone** Free radicals (oxidative stress)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/edaravone/) - [**Riluzole** Voltage-gated sodium channels and glutamate signalling](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/riluzole/) - [**Tofersen** SOD1 mRNA (superoxide dismutase 1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tofersen/) ## Neurosteroid antidepressants - [**About this section** Neuroactive steroids that boost GABA-A receptors; approved for postpartum depression. Their main risk is…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/neurosteroid-antidepressants/) - [**Brexanolone** GABA-A receptor (positive allosteric modulator)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/brexanolone/) - [**Zuranolone** GABA-A receptor (neurosteroid site)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/zuranolone/) ## NMDA receptor antagonists (anti-dementia) - [**About this section** Memantine blocks overactive NMDA glutamate channels. Used in moderate to severe Alzheimer disease; it eases…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/nmda-receptor-antagonists/) - [**Memantine** NMDA glutamate receptor (channel pore)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/memantine/) ## Other anxiolytics - [**About this section** Anxiety medicines that are not benzodiazepines, such as buspirone: little sedation and no dependence, but…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/other-anxiolytics/) - [**Buspirone** Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/buspirone/) ## Other hypnotics (melatonin agonists and orexin antagonists) - [**About this section** Sleep medicines that do not act on GABA: melatonin and ramelteon stimulate melatonin receptors; suvorexant…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/other-hypnotics/) - [**Daridorexant** Orexin receptors (OX1 shown)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/daridorexant/) - [**Lemborexant** Orexin receptors OX1 and OX2](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lemborexant/) - [**Melatonin** Melatonin receptor MT1](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/melatonin/) - [**Ramelteon** Melatonin receptor MT1](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ramelteon/) - [**Suvorexant** Orexin receptor type 2 (OX2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/suvorexant/) ## Second-generation antipsychotics - [**About this section** The «atypical» antipsychotics: fewer movement side effects than the older drugs, but several cause weight…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/second-generation-antipsychotics/) - [**Aripiprazole** Dopamine D2 receptor (partial agonist); serotonin 5-HT1A receptor shown](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/aripiprazole/) - [**Asenapine** Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (antagonist); 5-HT1A shown](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/asenapine/) - [**Brexpiprazole** Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors (partial agonist); 5-HT1A shown](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/brexpiprazole/) - [**Cariprazine** Dopamine D3 and D2 receptors (partial agonist); D3 shown](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cariprazine/) - [**Clozapine** Dopamine D2 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/clozapine/) - [**Iloperidone** Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors (antagonist); also alpha-1 adrenergic](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/iloperidone/) - [**Lumateperone** Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (antagonist), with weaker dopamine D2 action](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lumateperone/) - [**Lurasidone** Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lurasidone/) - [**Olanzapine** Dopamine D2 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/olanzapine/) - [**Paliperidone** Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/paliperidone/) - [**Pimavanserin** Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (inverse agonist)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pimavanserin/) - [**Quetiapine** Dopamine D2 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/quetiapine/) - [**Risperidone** Dopamine D2 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/risperidone/) - [**Ziprasidone** Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors; also binds the noradrenaline transporter (shown)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ziprasidone/) ## Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - [**About this section** First-line antidepressants that block the serotonin transporter, so more serotonin stays in the synapse…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors/) - [**Citalopram** Serotonin transporter (SERT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/citalopram/) - [**Escitalopram** Serotonin transporter (SERT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/escitalopram/) - [**Fluoxetine** Serotonin transporter (SERT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fluoxetine/) - [**Paroxetine** Serotonin transporter (SERT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/paroxetine/) - [**Sertraline** Serotonin transporter (SERT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sertraline/) ## Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - [**About this section** Antidepressants that block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. Also used for anxiety and some…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake-inhibitors/) - [**Duloxetine** Serotonin transporter (SERT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/duloxetine/) - [**Levomilnacipran** Serotonin (SERT) and noradrenaline (NET) transporters; NET shown](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/levomilnacipran/) - [**Venlafaxine** Serotonin transporter (SERT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/venlafaxine/) ## Skeletal muscle relaxants and spasmolytics - [**About this section** Drugs that ease spasticity or muscle spasm: in the spinal cord (baclofen, tizanidine), in muscle…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/skeletal-muscle-relaxants-and-spasmolytics/) - [**Baclofen** GABA-B receptor (GABA-B1 subunit)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/baclofen/) - [**Botulinum toxin type A** SNAP-25, a SNARE protein needed for acetylcholine release](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/botulinum-toxin-type-a/) - [**Carisoprodol** Central nervous system (sedative action; metabolite meprobamate)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/carisoprodol/) - [**Cyclobenzaprine** Brainstem serotonin and noradrenaline pathways (5-HT2 receptors; exact target uncertain)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cyclobenzaprine/) - [**Dantrolene** Ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1), the calcium-release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dantrolene/) - [**Methocarbamol** No specific target known (general CNS depression)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/methocarbamol/) - [**Tizanidine** Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tizanidine/) ## Smoking cessation medicines - [**About this section** Medicines that ease craving and withdrawal when quitting tobacco: nicotine replacement, varenicline…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/smoking-cessation-medicines/) - [**Cytisine** Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4β2](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cytisine/) - [**Nicotine (replacement therapy)** Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4β2](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nicotine/) - [**Varenicline** Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4β2](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/varenicline/) ## Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) therapies - [**About this section** Drugs that raise the SMN protein that motor neurons lack in SMA: by changing SMN2 splicing or by adding a…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/spinal-muscular-atrophy-therapies/) - [**Nusinersen** SMN2 pre-mRNA (intronic splicing silencer ISS-N1 in intron 7)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nusinersen/) - [**Onasemnogene abeparvovec** Survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, by replacement of the SMN1 gene](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/onasemnogene-abeparvovec/) - [**Risdiplam** SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/risdiplam/) ## Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) - [**About this section** Older antidepressants that block serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake but also many receptors. Effective…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/tricyclic-antidepressants/) - [**Amitriptyline** Norepinephrine transporter (NET) and serotonin transporter (SERT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amitriptyline/) - [**Clomipramine** Serotonin transporter (SERT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/clomipramine/) - [**Imipramine** Serotonin transporter (SERT) and noradrenaline transporter (NET)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/imipramine/) - [**Nortriptyline** Noradrenaline transporter (NET), and to a lesser degree the serotonin transporter (SERT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nortriptyline/) ## Triptans (5-HT1B/1D agonists) - [**About this section** Serotonin 5-HT1B/1D agonists that stop a migraine attack. They narrow vessels, so they are not used in…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/triptans/) - [**Eletriptan** Serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/eletriptan/) - [**Rizatriptan** Serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rizatriptan/) - [**Sumatriptan** Serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sumatriptan/) ## VMAT2 inhibitors - [**About this section** Drugs that empty dopamine stores in nerve endings. Used for Huntington chorea and tardive dyskinesia; they…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/vmat2-inhibitors/) - [**Deutetrabenazine** Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/deutetrabenazine/) - [**Tetrabenazine** Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tetrabenazine/) - [**Valbenazine** Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/valbenazine/) ## Wake-promoting agents and narcolepsy drugs - [**About this section** Non-amphetamine medicines that reduce excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy, sleep apnoea or shift…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/wake-promoting-agents-and-narcolepsy-drugs/) - [**Armodafinil** Dopamine transporter (DAT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/armodafinil/) - [**Modafinil** Dopamine transporter (DAT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/modafinil/) - [**Pitolisant** Histamine H3 receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pitolisant/) - [**Sodium oxybate** GABA-B receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sodium-oxybate/) - [**Solriamfetol** Noradrenaline transporter (NET)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/solriamfetol/) ## Z-drug hypnotics - [**About this section** Sleeping medicines (zolpidem, zopiclone, eszopiclone) that act at the benzodiazepine site of the GABA-A…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/z-drug-hypnotics/) - [**Eszopiclone** GABA-A receptor (α1-containing), benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/eszopiclone/) - [**Zaleplon** GABA-A receptor (α1-containing), benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/zaleplon/) - [**Zolpidem** GABA-A receptor (α1-containing), benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/zolpidem/) - [**Zopiclone** GABA-A receptor (α1-containing), benzodiazepine site](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/zopiclone/) ## A to Z - [A](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/a/) - [B](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/b/) - [C](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/c/) - [D](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/d/) - [E](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/e/) - [F](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/f/) - [G](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/g/) - [H](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/h/) - [I](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/i/) - [K](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/k/) - [L](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/l/) - [M](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/m/) - [N](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/n/) - [O](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/o/) - [P](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/p/) - [Q](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/q/) - [R](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/r/) - [S](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/s/) - [T](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/t/) - [U](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/u/) - [V](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/v/) - [W](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/w/) - [X](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/x/) - [Y](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/y/) - [Z](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/z/) [← Pharmacology](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/) Educational content on how drugs work; not a prescribing guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. No doses are given. Representative model, for educational purposes only. --- Source: https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/areas/cns/ License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/areas/cns/