[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [Pharmacology](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/) › Oncology

# Oncology

171 drugs

## ALK and ROS1 inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral kinase inhibitors for lung cancers driven by an ALK or ROS1 gene fusion, found by testing the tumour.](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/alk-and-ros1-inhibitors/)
- [**Alectinib** ALK receptor tyrosine kinase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/alectinib/)
- [**Crizotinib** ALK receptor tyrosine kinase (also ROS1 and MET)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/crizotinib/)
- [**Lorlatinib** ALK and ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lorlatinib/)

## Alkylating agents

- [**About this section** Reactive drugs that bolt alkyl groups onto DNA, cross-linking its strands so a dividing cell can no longer…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/alkylating-agents/)
- [**Bendamustine** DNA, cross-linked between strands](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bendamustine/)
- [**Busulfan** DNA (guanine N7), cross-linked by the alkyl sulfonate](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/busulfan/)
- [**Carmustine** DNA (guanine), alkylated and cross-linked; proteins carbamoylated](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/carmustine/)
- [**Chlorambucil** DNA (guanine N7), cross-linked by the mustard](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/chlorambucil/)
- [**Chlormethine** DNA (guanine N7), cross-linked by the mustard](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/chlormethine/)
- [**Cyclophosphamide** DNA (guanine N7), cross-linked by phosphoramide mustard](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cyclophosphamide/)
- [**Dacarbazine** DNA (guanine), methylated by MTIC](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dacarbazine/)
- [**Ifosfamide** DNA (guanine N7), cross-linked by ifosfamide mustard](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ifosfamide/)
- [**Lomustine** DNA and RNA, alkylated; proteins carbamoylated](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lomustine/)
- [**Lurbinectedin** DNA minor groove (guanines)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lurbinectedin/)
- [**Melphalan** DNA (guanine N7), cross-linked by the mustard](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/melphalan/)
- [**Procarbazine** DNA (methylated by activated procarbazine metabolites)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/procarbazine/)
- [**Streptozocin** DNA (guanine), methylated by the nitrosourea](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/streptozocin/)
- [**Temozolomide** DNA (guanine O6 and N7), methylated by MTIC](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/temozolomide/)
- [**Thiotepa** DNA (guanine N7), cross-linked by thiotepa and its active metabolite TEPA](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/thiotepa/)

## Antiandrogens and androgen synthesis inhibitors

- [**About this section** Prostate cancer tablets that block the androgen receptor or stop the body from making androgens, usually…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antiandrogens-and-androgen-synthesis-inhibitors/)
- [**Abiraterone** CYP17A1 (17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/abiraterone/)
- [**Apalutamide** Androgen receptor (AR)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/apalutamide/)
- [**Bicalutamide** Androgen receptor (AR)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bicalutamide/)
- [**Darolutamide** Androgen receptor (AR)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/darolutamide/)
- [**Enzalutamide** Androgen receptor (AR)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/enzalutamide/)
- [**Flutamide** Androgen receptor (AR)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/flutamide/)

## Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

- [**About this section** A monoclonal antibody carries a potent cytotoxic drug straight to cancer cells that display its target, such…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antibody-drug-conjugates/)
- [**Brentuximab vedotin** CD30 (TNFRSF8) on lymphoma cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/brentuximab-vedotin/)
- [**Enfortumab vedotin** Nectin-4, a cell adhesion protein on urothelial cancer cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/enfortumab-vedotin/)
- [**Gemtuzumab ozogamicin** CD33 (SIGLEC3) on myeloid leukaemia cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/gemtuzumab-ozogamicin/)
- [**Inotuzumab ozogamicin** CD22 on B-lymphoblasts](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/inotuzumab-ozogamicin/)
- [**Sacituzumab govitecan** TROP-2 (TACSTD2), a surface protein of many epithelial cancers](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sacituzumab-govitecan/)
- [**Trastuzumab deruxtecan** HER2 (ErbB2) receptor on tumour cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/)
- [**Trastuzumab emtansine** HER2 (ErbB2) receptor on tumour cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/trastuzumab-emtansine/)

## Antimetabolites

- [**About this section** Look-alikes of folate or DNA building blocks that jam the enzymes making nucleotides, so fast-dividing cells…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antimetabolites/)
- [**Azacitidine** DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1), trapped on DNA](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/azacitidine/)
- [**Capecitabine** Thymidylate synthase (inhibited by FdUMP made from fluorouracil)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/capecitabine/)
- [**Cladribine** DNA synthesis and repair in lymphocytes (through cladribine nucleotides)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cladribine/)
- [**Cytarabine** DNA polymerase (inhibited by ara-CTP, which is also built into DNA)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cytarabine/)
- [**Decitabine** DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), trapped on DNA after the drug is built into it](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/decitabine/)
- [**Fludarabine** DNA polymerase α, ribonucleotide reductase and DNA primase (inhibited by fludarabine triphosphate)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fludarabine/)
- [**Fluorouracil** Thymidylate synthase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fluorouracil/)
- [**Gemcitabine** Ribonucleotide reductase (inhibited by gemcitabine diphosphate) and DNA synthesis](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/gemcitabine/)
- [**Hydroxycarbamide** Ribonucleotide reductase (its tyrosyl radical, in the M2 subunit)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/hydroxycarbamide/)
- [**Mercaptopurine** De novo purine synthesis and DNA/RNA, through thioguanine nucleotides](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mercaptopurine/)
- [**Methotrexate** Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/methotrexate/)
- [**Pemetrexed** Thymidylate synthase (also DHFR and GARFT)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pemetrexed/)
- [**Tioguanine** DNA/RNA and purine synthesis, through thioguanine nucleotides](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tioguanine/)
- [**Trifluridine/tipiracil** Thymidine phosphorylase (blocked by tipiracil); DNA (trifluridine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/trifluridine-tipiracil/)

## Antineoplastic monoclonal antibodies

- [**About this section** Intravenous antibodies that bind one molecule on cancer cells or their blood supply (HER2, CD20, EGFR, VEGF)…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antineoplastic-monoclonal-antibodies/)
- [**Amivantamab** EGFR and MET receptors (bispecific antibody)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amivantamab/)
- [**Bevacizumab** Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bevacizumab/)
- [**Blinatumomab** CD19 on B cells and CD3 on T cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/blinatumomab/)
- [**Cetuximab** Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), extracellular domain III](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cetuximab/)
- [**Daratumumab** CD38, a surface glycoprotein abundant on myeloma plasma cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/daratumumab/)
- [**Obinutuzumab** CD20 (B-lymphocyte surface antigen)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/obinutuzumab/)
- [**Panitumumab** Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, HER1), extracellular domain III](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/panitumumab/)
- [**Pertuzumab** HER2 (ErbB2) receptor tyrosine kinase, extracellular dimerisation domain II](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pertuzumab/)
- [**Ramucirumab** Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, KDR) on endothelial cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ramucirumab/)
- [**Rituximab** CD20 (B-lymphocyte surface antigen)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rituximab/)
- [**Trastuzumab** HER2 (ErbB2) receptor tyrosine kinase, extracellular domain IV](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/trastuzumab/)

## Antitumour antibiotics

- [**About this section** Cancer drugs first found in Streptomyces bacteria: anthracyclines, bleomycin, dactinomycin and mitomycin…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antitumour-antibiotics/)
- [**Bleomycin** DNA (oxidative strand cleavage)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bleomycin/)
- [**Dactinomycin** DNA (guanine–cytosine steps); blocks RNA polymerase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dactinomycin/)
- [**Daunorubicin** Topoisomerase IIα (and DNA, by intercalation)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/daunorubicin/)
- [**Doxorubicin** Topoisomerase IIα (and DNA, by intercalation)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/doxorubicin/)
- [**Epirubicin** Topoisomerase IIα (and DNA, by intercalation)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/epirubicin/)
- [**Idarubicin** Topoisomerase IIα (and DNA, by intercalation)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/idarubicin/)
- [**Mitomycin** DNA (cross-links at guanine and adenine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mitomycin/)
- [**Mitoxantrone** DNA topoisomerase II (and DNA, by intercalation)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mitoxantrone/)

## Aromatase inhibitors

- [**About this section** Breast cancer medicines that block aromatase, the enzyme that makes oestrogen from androgens in fat and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/aromatase-inhibitors/)
- [**Anastrozole** Aromatase (CYP19A1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/anastrozole/)
- [**Exemestane** Aromatase (CYP19A1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/exemestane/)
- [**Letrozole** Aromatase (CYP19A1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/letrozole/)

## BCL-2 inhibitors (BH3 mimetics)

- [**About this section** Oral drugs that switch apoptosis back on in cancer cells that survive by overproducing BCL-2; venetoclax is…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/bcl-2-inhibitors/)
- [**Venetoclax** BCL-2, anti-apoptotic protein of the mitochondrial membrane](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/venetoclax/)

## Bispecific T-cell engagers

- [**About this section** Antibodies with two arms: one grabs CD3 on the patient's T cells, the other a tumour antigen, so the T cell…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/bispecific-t-cell-engagers/)
- [**Teclistamab** BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen, TNFRSF17) on myeloma cells, and CD3 on T cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/teclistamab/)

## BRAF and MEK inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral drugs that block two steps of the MAPK pathway in BRAF V600-mutant melanoma, lung, thyroid and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/braf-and-mek-inhibitors/)
- [**Binimetinib** MEK1 and MEK2 (MAP2K1/2) kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/binimetinib/)
- [**Dabrafenib** BRAF serine/threonine kinase (V600E/K mutants)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dabrafenib/)
- [**Encorafenib** BRAF serine/threonine kinase (V600E mutant), also wild-type BRAF and CRAF](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/encorafenib/)
- [**Trametinib** MEK1 and MEK2 (MAP2K1/2) kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/trametinib/)

## BTK inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral drugs that switch off Bruton tyrosine kinase, the hub of B-cell receptor signalling, in CLL and other…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/btk-inhibitors/)
- [**Zanubrutinib** Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/zanubrutinib/)

## CAR T-cell therapies

- [**About this section** The patient's own T cells, genetically engineered to recognise a tumour antigen such as CD19 or BCMA and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/car-t-cell-therapies/)
- [**Axicabtagene ciloleucel** CD19 on normal and malignant B cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/axicabtagene-ciloleucel/)
- [**Tisagenlecleucel** CD19 on normal and malignant B cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tisagenlecleucel/)

## CDK4/6 inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral drugs that hold breast cancer cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle; used with hormone therapy in…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/cdk4-6-inhibitors/)
- [**Abemaciclib** Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/abemaciclib/)
- [**Palbociclib** Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/palbociclib/)
- [**Ribociclib** Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ribociclib/)

## Chemotherapy supportive agents

- [**About this section** Drugs that protect healthy tissue from chemotherapy or its side products: the bladder, the heart, the kidney…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/chemotherapy-supportive-agents/)
- [**Amifostine** Normal tissue (thiol protection against cisplatin and radiation injury)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/amifostine/)
- [**Calcium folinate** Reduced-folate pool (bypasses dihydrofolate reductase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/calcium-folinate/)
- [**Dexrazoxane** Topoisomerase II (catalytic inhibitor) and intracellular iron](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dexrazoxane/)
- [**Mesna** Acrolein and other urotoxic ifosfamide metabolites (in urine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mesna/)
- [**Rasburicase** Uric acid (the drug is the enzyme urate oxidase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rasburicase/)

## FGFR inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral kinase inhibitors for tumours driven by FGFR changes, such as bladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/fgfr-inhibitors/)
- [**Erdafitinib** Fibroblast growth factor receptor kinases (FGFR1–4)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/erdafitinib/)
- [**Pemigatinib** Fibroblast growth factor receptor kinases (FGFR1–3)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pemigatinib/)

## FLT3 inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral kinase inhibitors for acute myeloid leukaemia with FLT3 mutations: added to first-line chemotherapy or…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/flt3-inhibitors/)
- [**Gilteritinib** FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase (also other receptor tyrosine kinases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/gilteritinib/)
- [**Midostaurin** FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase (also KIT and other kinases)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/midostaurin/)

## GnRH analogues (agonists and antagonists)

- [**About this section** Injected peptides that switch off the pituitary signal to the testes or ovaries, lowering testosterone or…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/gnrh-analogues/)
- [**Cetrorelix** Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) on pituitary gonadotroph cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cetrorelix/)
- [**Degarelix** Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/degarelix/)
- [**Elagolix** Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) on pituitary gonadotroph cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/elagolix/)
- [**Ganirelix** Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) on pituitary gonadotroph cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ganirelix/)
- [**Goserelin** Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/goserelin/)
- [**Leuprorelin** Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/leuprorelin/)
- [**Relugolix** Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) on pituitary gonadotroph cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/relugolix/)
- [**Triptorelin** Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/triptorelin/)

## Hedgehog pathway inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral Smoothened blockers for advanced basal cell carcinoma and, with low-dose cytarabine, for AML. All cause…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/hedgehog-pathway-inhibitors/)
- [**Glasdegib** Smoothened (SMO) receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/glasdegib/)
- [**Sonidegib** Smoothened (SMO) receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sonidegib/)
- [**Vismodegib** Smoothened (SMO) receptor](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vismodegib/)

## HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral small molecules that block the HER2 kinase from inside the cell; used in HER2-positive breast cancer…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/her2-tyrosine-kinase-inhibitors/)
- [**Lapatinib** HER2 (ERBB2) and EGFR tyrosine kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lapatinib/)
- [**Tucatinib** HER2 (ERBB2) tyrosine kinase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tucatinib/)

## Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors

- [**About this section** Epigenetic drugs that block histone deacetylases, reopening silenced genes; vorinostat and romidepsin treat…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/histone-deacetylase-inhibitors/)
- [**Romidepsin** Histone deacetylases (zinc-dependent enzymes)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/romidepsin/)
- [**Vorinostat** Histone deacetylases (class I HDAC1, 2 and 3, and HDAC6)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vorinostat/)

## Immune checkpoint inhibitors

- [**About this section** Antibodies that release the brakes on T cells (PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4) so the immune system attacks the cancer…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/immune-checkpoint-inhibitors/)
- [**Atezolizumab** Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumour and immune cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/atezolizumab/)
- [**Cemiplimab** Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on T cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cemiplimab/)
- [**Durvalumab** Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumour and immune cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/durvalumab/)
- [**Ipilimumab** Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ipilimumab/)
- [**Nivolumab** Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on T cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nivolumab/)
- [**Nivolumab/relatlimab** PD-1 (nivolumab) and LAG-3 (relatlimab) on T cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nivolumab-relatlimab/)
- [**Pembrolizumab** Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on T cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pembrolizumab/)

## Immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs)

- [**About this section** Thalidomide and its relatives: «molecular glues» that make the cell's cereblon complex destroy proteins…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/immunomodulatory-imide-drugs/)
- [**Lenalidomide** Cereblon (CRBN), substrate receptor of the CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lenalidomide/)
- [**Pomalidomide** Cereblon (CRBN), substrate receptor of the CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pomalidomide/)
- [**Thalidomide** Cereblon (CRBN), substrate receptor of the CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/thalidomide/)

## Kinase inhibitors (targeted oncology)

- [**About this section** Oral cancer drugs that block a kinase the tumour depends on, such as BCR-ABL in CML or mutant EGFR in lung…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/kinase-inhibitors/)
- [**Acalabrutinib** Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/acalabrutinib/)
- [**Afatinib** EGFR tyrosine kinase domain](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/afatinib/)
- [**Asciminib** BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase (myristoyl pocket of ABL1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/asciminib/)
- [**Bosutinib** BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (ABL1 kinase domain); also SRC-family kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bosutinib/)
- [**Dasatinib** BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (ABL1 kinase domain); also SRC-family kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dasatinib/)
- [**Erlotinib** EGFR tyrosine kinase domain](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/erlotinib/)
- [**Gefitinib** EGFR tyrosine kinase domain](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/gefitinib/)
- [**Ibrutinib** Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ibrutinib/)
- [**Imatinib** BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (ABL1 kinase domain)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/imatinib/)
- [**Nilotinib** BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (ABL1 kinase domain)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/nilotinib/)
- [**Osimertinib** EGFR tyrosine kinase domain](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/osimertinib/)
- [**Ponatinib** BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (ABL1 kinase domain), including the T315I gatekeeper mutant](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ponatinib/)
- [**Sorafenib** VEGFR2 and other kinases (CRAF, BRAF, VEGFR1–3, PDGFR-β, KIT, FLT3, RET)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sorafenib/)
- [**Vemurafenib** BRAF kinase with the V600E mutation](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vemurafenib/)

## KRAS G12C inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral drugs that lock the mutant KRAS G12C protein in its «off» state; used in lung and colorectal cancers…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/kras-g12c-inhibitors/)
- [**Adagrasib** Mutant KRAS G12C (small GTPase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/adagrasib/)
- [**Sotorasib** Mutant KRAS G12C (small GTPase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sotorasib/)

## MET inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral selective inhibitors of the MET kinase for non-small cell lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping. Oedema…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/met-inhibitors/)
- [**Capmatinib** MET (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) tyrosine kinase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/capmatinib/)
- [**Tepotinib** MET (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) tyrosine kinase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tepotinib/)

## Microtubule inhibitors

- [**About this section** Cancer drugs that jam the mitotic spindle: vinca alkaloids stop microtubules forming, taxanes freeze them…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/microtubule-inhibitors/)
- [**Cabazitaxel** β-tubulin (taxane site, inside the microtubule)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cabazitaxel/)
- [**Docetaxel** β-tubulin (taxane site, inside the microtubule)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/docetaxel/)
- [**Eribulin** β-tubulin (vinca site, at the growing end of the microtubule)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/eribulin/)
- [**Ixabepilone** β-tubulin (taxane site, inside the microtubule)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ixabepilone/)
- [**Paclitaxel** β-tubulin (taxane site, inside the microtubule)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/paclitaxel/)
- [**Vinblastine** β-tubulin (vinca site, at the junction between tubulin dimers)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vinblastine/)
- [**Vincristine** β-tubulin (vinca site, at the junction between tubulin dimers)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vincristine/)
- [**Vinorelbine** β-tubulin (vinca site, at the junction between tubulin dimers)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/vinorelbine/)

## Other antineoplastics (differentiating agents, asparaginases, proteasome inhibitors)

- [**About this section** Cancer drugs with their own mechanisms: tretinoin and arsenic make APL cells mature, asparaginase starves…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/other-antineoplastics/)
- [**Arsenic trioxide** PML-RARα fusion protein (and other thiol-containing proteins)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/arsenic-trioxide/)
- [**Asparaginase** Plasma L-asparagine (the drug is the enzyme L-asparaginase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/asparaginase/)
- [**Bortezomib** 26S proteasome, chymotrypsin-like site (β5 subunit)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/bortezomib/)
- [**Carfilzomib** 26S proteasome, chymotrypsin-like site (β5 subunit of the 20S core)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/carfilzomib/)
- [**Ixazomib** 26S proteasome, β5 subunit (PSMB5) of the 20S core](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ixazomib/)
- [**Pegaspargase** Plasma L-asparagine (the drug is a pegylated L-asparaginase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pegaspargase/)
- [**Tretinoin** Retinoic acid receptor α (RARα), part of the PML-RARα fusion in APL](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/tretinoin/)

## Other cancer immunotherapies (cytokines, cell vaccines, oncolytic viruses)

- [**About this section** Other ways to rouse immunity against cancer: high-dose interleukin-2, a cell vaccine for prostate cancer and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/other-cancer-immunotherapies/)
- [**Aldesleukin** Interleukin-2 receptor on T cells and NK cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/aldesleukin/)
- [**Sipuleucel-T** Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), an antigen of most prostate cancers](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sipuleucel-t/)
- [**Talimogene laherparepvec** Melanoma cells (infected and lysed by an engineered herpes simplex virus type 1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/talimogene-laherparepvec/)

## PARP inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral drugs that block a DNA-repair enzyme, PARP, and kill cancer cells that already lack homologous…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/parp-inhibitors/)
- [**Niraparib** Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/niraparib/)
- [**Olaparib** Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/olaparib/)
- [**Rucaparib** Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/rucaparib/)
- [**Talazoparib** Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/talazoparib/)

## PI3K inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral kinase inhibitors of the PI3K-AKT pathway: alpelisib (PI3Kα) for PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/pi3k-inhibitors/)
- [**Alpelisib** PI3Kα, catalytic subunit p110α of phosphoinositide 3-kinase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/alpelisib/)
- [**Idelalisib** PI3Kδ, catalytic subunit p110δ of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (leukocytes)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/idelalisib/)

## Platinum compounds

- [**About this section** Cancer drugs built around a platinum atom that bind DNA and cross-link it, so tumour cells can no longer…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/platinum-compounds/)
- [**Carboplatin** DNA (N7 of guanine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/carboplatin/)
- [**Cisplatin** DNA (N7 of adjacent guanines)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cisplatin/)
- [**Oxaliplatin** DNA (adjacent guanines)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/oxaliplatin/)

## Selective oestrogen receptor degraders (SERDs)

- [**About this section** Pure antioestrogens: they block the oestrogen receptor and make the cell destroy it. Used for…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/selective-oestrogen-receptor-degraders/)
- [**Elacestrant** Oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα), ligand-binding domain](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/elacestrant/)
- [**Fulvestrant** Oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα), ligand-binding domain](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fulvestrant/)

## Topoisomerase inhibitors

- [**About this section** Cancer drugs that trap the enzymes that cut and reseal DNA. The cut DNA stays open and turns into breaks…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/topoisomerase-inhibitors/)
- [**Etoposide** DNA topoisomerase IIα](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/etoposide/)
- [**Irinotecan** DNA topoisomerase I](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/irinotecan/)
- [**Topotecan** DNA topoisomerase I](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/topotecan/)

## TRK and RET inhibitors (tumour-agnostic kinase inhibitors)

- [**About this section** Oral kinase inhibitors chosen by the tumour's gene, not its organ: larotrectinib for NTRK fusions…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/trk-and-ret-inhibitors/)
- [**Larotrectinib** TRKA, TRKB and TRKC receptor tyrosine kinases (genes NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/larotrectinib/)
- [**Selpercatinib** RET receptor tyrosine kinase (fusions and activating mutations)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/selpercatinib/)

## VEGFR multikinase inhibitors

- [**About this section** Oral anti-angiogenic drugs that block VEGF receptors and other kinases; used in kidney, liver, thyroid and…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/vegfr-multikinase-inhibitors/)
- [**Axitinib** VEGFR1, VEGFR2 (KDR) and VEGFR3 tyrosine kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/axitinib/)
- [**Cabozantinib** MET, VEGFR2, RET and KIT tyrosine kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cabozantinib/)
- [**Lenvatinib** VEGFR1-3, FGFR, PDGFR, KIT and RET tyrosine kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lenvatinib/)
- [**Pazopanib** VEGFR1-3, PDGFR, FGFR and KIT tyrosine kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pazopanib/)
- [**Regorafenib** VEGFR1-3, TIE2, PDGFR, KIT, RET, RAF1 and other kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/regorafenib/)
- [**Sunitinib** VEGFR2 (KDR), KIT, PDGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinases](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sunitinib/)

## A to Z

- [A](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/a/)
- [B](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/b/)
- [C](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/c/)
- [D](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/d/)
- [E](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/e/)
- [F](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/f/)
- [G](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/g/)
- [H](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/h/)
- [I](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/i/)
- [K](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/k/)
- [L](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/l/)
- [M](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/m/)
- [N](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/n/)
- [O](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/o/)
- [P](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/p/)
- [Q](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/q/)
- [R](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/r/)
- [S](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/s/)
- [T](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/t/)
- [U](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/u/)
- [V](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/v/)
- [W](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/w/)
- [X](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/x/)
- [Y](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/y/)
- [Z](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/z/)

[← Pharmacology](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/)

Educational content on how drugs work; not a prescribing guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. No doses are given.

Representative model, for educational purposes only.

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Source: https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/areas/oncology/
License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cite as: DurgiPedia (durgical.com), https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/areas/oncology/