[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [Pharmacology](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/) › Antidotes and toxicology

# Antidotes and toxicology

43 drugs

## Antivenoms

- [**About this section** Horse antibodies that neutralise the venom of snakes, coral snakes or caterpillars. In Colombia the INS…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/antivenoms/)
- [**Polyvalent coral snake antivenom (Micrurus)** Neurotoxins of Micrurus venom](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/polyvalent-coral-snake-antivenom/)
- [**Polyvalent Lonomia antivenom** Procoagulant and fibrinolytic toxins of Lonomia venom](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/polyvalent-lonomia-antivenom/)
- [**Polyvalent snake antivenom (Bothrops and Crotalus)** Toxins of Bothrops and Crotalus venoms](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/polyvalent-snake-antivenom/)

## Chelating agents

- [**About this section** Molecules that grip a metal ion in a ring-shaped complex so the body can excrete it. Each one suits certain…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/chelating-agents/)
- [**Deferasirox** Ferric iron (Fe3+)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/deferasirox/)
- [**Deferiprone** Ferric iron (Fe3+)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/deferiprone/)
- [**Deferoxamine** Free iron and iron in ferritin and haemosiderin](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/deferoxamine/)
- [**Dimercaprol** Heavy-metal ions (arsenic, mercury, lead)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/dimercaprol/)
- [**Penicillamine** Copper and cystine](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/penicillamine/)
- [**Sodium calcium edetate** Lead (and other divalent metals such as zinc)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sodium-calcium-edetate/)
- [**Succimer** Lead, arsenic and mercury ions](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/succimer/)
- [**Unithiol** Arsenic and mercury ions in blood and tissues](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/unithiol/)

## Drugs of abuse

- [**About this section** Psychoactive substances used outside medical care: stimulants, hallucinogens, dissociatives, cannabinoids…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/drugs-of-abuse/)
- [**Cannabis** Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); CB2 on immune cells](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/cannabis/)
- [**Diamorphine (heroin)** Mu-opioid receptor (after conversion to morphine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/diamorphine/)
- [**Inhaled solvents** NMDA and GABA-A receptors and other ion channels (anaesthetic-like actions)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/inhaled-solvents/)
- [**Lysergide (LSD)** Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (also other 5-HT and dopamine receptors)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/lysergide/)
- [**MDMA (midomafetamine)** Monoamine transporters: serotonin transporter (SERT) first, plus VMAT2](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/mdma/)
- [**Methamphetamine (metamfetamine)** Dopamine and noradrenaline transporters (DAT, NET) and VMAT2; also the receptor TAAR1](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/methamphetamine/)
- [**Phencyclidine (PCP)** NMDA glutamate receptor channel (pore site shared with ketamine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/phencyclidine/)
- [**Psilocybin** Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (via its active form, psilocin)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/psilocybin/)
- [**Synthetic cannabinoids** Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/synthetic-cannabinoids/)
- [**Xylazine** Central alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (like clonidine)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/xylazine/)

## Herbal products and dietary supplements

- [**About this section** Plant extracts and purified substances sold as supplements. Evidence of benefit is often weak, while…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/herbal-products-and-dietary-supplements/)
- [**Coenzyme Q10 (ubidecarenone)** Mitochondrial electron transport chain (as its own carrier)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/coenzyme-q10/)
- [**Echinacea** Immune cells (proposed immune stimulation)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/echinacea/)
- [**Garlic** Platelets and cholesterol synthesis (allicin and related sulfur compounds)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/garlic/)
- [**Ginkgo** Platelet-activating factor and vascular tone (proposed)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ginkgo/)
- [**Ginseng** Multiple targets of ginsenosides (proposed)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/ginseng/)
- [**Glucosamine** Cartilage glycosaminoglycan synthesis (substrate)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/glucosamine/)
- [**Kava** Central nervous system (kavalactones; mechanism not established)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/kava/)
- [**Milk thistle** No established target (silymarin extract)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/milk-thistle/)
- [**Red yeast rice** HMG-CoA reductase (via monacolin K)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/red-yeast-rice/)
- [**Saw palmetto** 5-alpha reductase (inhibited in vitro only)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/saw-palmetto/)
- [**St John's wort** Pregnane X receptor (PXR), which switches on CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein; also monoamine reuptake](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/st-john-s-wort/)
- [**Valerian** Central nervous system (mechanism not established)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/valerian/)

## Specific antidotes

- [**About this section** Medicines that reverse or neutralise one poison or a small group of poisons. They support, but never…](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/classes/specific-antidotes/)
- [**Acetylcysteine** Hepatic glutathione and the toxic metabolite NAPQI](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/acetylcysteine/)
- [**Activated charcoal** Adsorption of the poison in the gut lumen](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/activated-charcoal/)
- [**Digoxin immune Fab** Digoxin itself (and other cardiac glycosides)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/digoxin-immune-fab/)
- [**Flumazenil** GABA-A receptor, benzodiazepine site (α1/γ2 interface)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/flumazenil/)
- [**Fomepizole** Alcohol dehydrogenase](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/fomepizole/)
- [**Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue)** Methaemoglobin, through NADPH-dependent reduction](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/methylthioninium-chloride/)
- [**Pralidoxime** Acetylcholinesterase inhibited by an organophosphate](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/pralidoxime/)
- [**Prussian blue** Caesium and thallium ions in the intestine](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/prussian-blue/)
- [**Sodium nitrite** Haemoglobin (converted to methaemoglobin)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sodium-nitrite/)
- [**Sodium thiosulfate** Rhodanese (thiosulfate sulfurtransferase)](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/sodium-thiosulfate/)

## A to Z

- [A](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/a/)
- [B](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/b/)
- [C](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/c/)
- [D](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/d/)
- [E](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/e/)
- [F](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/f/)
- [G](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/g/)
- [H](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/h/)
- [I](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/i/)
- [K](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/k/)
- [L](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/l/)
- [M](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/m/)
- [N](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/n/)
- [O](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/o/)
- [P](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/p/)
- [Q](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/q/)
- [R](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/r/)
- [S](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/s/)
- [T](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/t/)
- [U](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/u/)
- [V](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/v/)
- [W](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/w/)
- [X](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/x/)
- [Y](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/y/)
- [Z](https://durgical.com/en/pharmacology/a-z/z/)

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Educational content on how drugs work; not a prescribing guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. No doses are given.

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