[Durgical](https://durgical.com/en/) › [DurgiPedia](https://durgical.com/en/durgipedia/) › [Physiology](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/) › [A to Z](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/) › T # Physiology: T 69 topics - [**Taste and smell** Neurophysiology · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/taste-and-smell/) - [**Taste and smell coding: thresholds, adaptation, preference and aversion** Neurophysiology · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/taste-and-smell-coding-thresholds-adaptation-preference-and-aversion/) - [**Testosterone and its actions** Reproduction, pregnancy and the fetus · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/testosterone-and-its-actions/) - [**The adrenal cortex: zones, hormones and androgens** Endocrine · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-adrenal-cortex-zones-hormones-and-androgens/) - [**The adrenal medulla and catecholamines** Endocrine · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-adrenal-medulla-and-catecholamines/) - [**The alveolar gas equation and the A–a gradient** Respiratory · Measurement](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-alveolar-gas-equation-and-the-a-a-gradient/) - [**The autonomic nerve terminal: release, reuptake and drug targets** Neurophysiology · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-autonomic-nerve-terminal-release-reuptake-and-drug-targets/) - [**The autonomic nervous system: organization** Neurophysiology · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-autonomic-nervous-system-organization/) - [**The baroreceptor reflex** Cardiovascular · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-baroreceptor-reflex/) - [**The bronchial circulation** Respiratory · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-bronchial-circulation/) - [**The cardiac conduction system** Cardiovascular · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-cardiac-conduction-system/) - [**The cardiac cycle** Cardiovascular · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-cardiac-cycle/) - [**The cardiac electrical axis** Cardiovascular · Measurement](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-cardiac-electrical-axis/) - [**The causes of hypoxemia** Respiratory · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-causes-of-hypoxemia/) - [**The cerebral cortex and language** Neurophysiology · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-cerebral-cortex-and-language/) - [**The CO₂ dissociation curve and the respiratory exchange ratio** Respiratory · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-co-dissociation-curve-and-the-respiratory-exchange-ratio/) - [**The coagulation cascade** Blood, hemostasis and basic immunity · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-coagulation-cascade/) - [**The colon: salvage absorption, gut bacteria, gas and stool** Gastrointestinal · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-colon-salvage-absorption-gut-bacteria-gas-and-stool/) - [**The countercurrent mechanism, urea recycling and urine concentration** Renal, fluids and acid–base · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-countercurrent-mechanism-urea-recycling-and-urine-concentration/) - [**The ECG in chamber hypertrophy and low-voltage states** Cardiovascular · Measurement](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-ecg-in-chamber-hypertrophy-and-low-voltage-states/) - [**The ECG in ischemia and infarction** Cardiovascular · Measurement](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-ecg-in-ischemia-and-infarction/) - [**The ECG in potassium and calcium disorders** Cardiovascular · Measurement](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-ecg-in-potassium-and-calcium-disorders/) - [**The endocrine stress response** Endocrine · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-endocrine-stress-response/) - [**The enteric nervous system, slow waves and GI control** Gastrointestinal · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-enteric-nervous-system-slow-waves-and-gi-control/) - [**The female sexual response** Reproduction, pregnancy and the fetus · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-female-sexual-response/) - [**The first breath: starting breathing at birth and birth asphyxia** Reproduction, pregnancy and the fetus · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-first-breath-starting-breathing-at-birth-and-birth-asphyxia/) - [**The Frank–Starling mechanism** Cardiovascular · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-frank-starling-mechanism/) - [**The HPA axis and its circadian rhythm** Endocrine · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-hpa-axis-and-its-circadian-rhythm/) - [**The hypothalamic–pituitary system: overview** Endocrine · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-hypothalamic-pituitary-system-overview/) - [**The layout of the circulation: vessel segments, pressures and how flow is measured** Cardiovascular · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-layout-of-the-circulation-vessel-segments-pressures-and-how-flow-is-measured/) - [**The limbic system, emotion and reward** Neurophysiology · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-limbic-system-emotion-and-reward/) - [**The main neurotransmitters** Neurophysiology · Table to know](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-main-neurotransmitters/) - [**The male gonadal axis and spermatogenesis** Reproduction, pregnancy and the fetus · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-male-gonadal-axis-and-spermatogenesis/) - [**The menstrual cycle: ovary and endometrium** Reproduction, pregnancy and the fetus · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-menstrual-cycle-ovary-and-endometrium/) - [**The microcirculation: capillary types, vasomotion, diffusion and the interstitium** Cardiovascular · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-microcirculation-capillary-types-vasomotion-diffusion-and-the-interstitium/) - [**The Nernst and Goldman equations** Cell and membrane · Measurement](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-nernst-and-goldman-equations/) - [**The nerve action potential** Nerve and muscle · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-nerve-action-potential/) - [**The neuromuscular junction** Nerve and muscle · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-neuromuscular-junction/) - [**The neurovascular unit and brain waste clearance** Neurophysiology · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-neurovascular-unit-and-brain-waste-clearance/) - [**The physiological response to hypoglycemia** Endocrine · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-physiological-response-to-hypoglycemia/) - [**The physiology of inflammation** Blood, hemostasis and basic immunity · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-physiology-of-inflammation/) - [**The pineal gland and melatonin** Endocrine · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-pineal-gland-and-melatonin/) - [**The placenta and pregnancy hormones** Reproduction, pregnancy and the fetus · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-placenta-and-pregnancy-hormones/) - [**The posterior pituitary: ADH and oxytocin** Endocrine · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-posterior-pituitary-adh-and-oxytocin/) - [**The pulmonary circulation and hypoxic vasoconstriction** Respiratory · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-pulmonary-circulation-and-hypoxic-vasoconstriction/) - [**The red cell life cycle and the spleen** Blood, hemostasis and basic immunity · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-red-cell-life-cycle-and-the-spleen/) - [**The red cell: shape, counts, maturation and the red cell indices** Blood, hemostasis and basic immunity · Measurement](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-red-cell-shape-counts-maturation-and-the-red-cell-indices/) - [**The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system** Cardiovascular · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system/) - [**The response to standing up** Cardiovascular · Regulation](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-response-to-standing-up/) - [**The resting membrane potential** Cell and membrane · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-resting-membrane-potential/) - [**The retina and phototransduction** Neurophysiology · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-retina-and-phototransduction/) - [**The SA node pacemaker potential** Cardiovascular · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-sa-node-pacemaker-potential/) - [**The somatosensory cortex, association areas and judging stimulus intensity** Neurophysiology · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-somatosensory-cortex-association-areas-and-judging-stimulus-intensity/) - [**The thyroid axis: reading TSH and free T4** Endocrine · Measurement](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-thyroid-axis-reading-tsh-and-free-t4/) - [**The ventricular action potential** Cardiovascular · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-ventricular-action-potential/) - [**The ventricular pressure–volume loop** Cardiovascular · Measurement](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-ventricular-pressure-volume-loop/) - [**The vestibular system, tone and posture** Neurophysiology · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-vestibular-system-tone-and-posture/) - [**The visual pathway, pupillary reflexes and eye movements** Neurophysiology · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-visual-pathway-pupillary-reflexes-and-eye-movements/) - [**The work of breathing** Respiratory · Concept](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/the-work-of-breathing/) - [**Thermal sensation: warm and cold receptors** Neurophysiology · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/thermal-sensation-warm-and-cold-receptors/) - [**Thrombosis and bleeding: Virchow's triad and hemostatic defects** Blood, hemostasis and basic immunity · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/thrombosis-and-bleeding-virchow-s-triad-and-hemostatic-defects/) - [**Thyroid hormone transport and deiodinases** Endocrine · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/thyroid-hormone-transport-and-deiodinases/) - [**Transport across epithelial sheets** Cell and membrane · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/transport-across-epithelial-sheets/) - [**Transport in the loop of Henle** Renal, fluids and acid–base · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/transport-in-the-loop-of-henle/) - [**Tubular disorders by nephron segment** Renal, fluids and acid–base · Table to know](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/tubular-disorders-by-nephron-segment/) - [**Tubular fluid-to-plasma ratios along the nephron** Renal, fluids and acid–base · Measurement](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/tubular-fluid-to-plasma-ratios-along-the-nephron/) - [**Tubular secretion of organic acids and bases** Renal, fluids and acid–base · Mechanism](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/tubular-secretion-of-organic-acids-and-bases/) - [**Types of hypoxia and what hypoxia does to the body** Respiratory · Table to know](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/types-of-hypoxia-and-what-hypoxia-does-to-the-body/) - [**Types of nerve fibers** Nerve and muscle · Table to know](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/types-of-nerve-fibers/) ## A to Z - [A](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/a/) - [B](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/b/) - [C](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/c/) - [D](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/d/) - [E](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/e/) - [F](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/f/) - [G](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/g/) - [H](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/h/) - [I](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/i/) - [L](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/l/) - [M](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/m/) - [N](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/n/) - [O](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/o/) - [P](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/p/) - [R](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/r/) - [S](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/s/) - T - [U](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/u/) - [V](https://durgical.com/en/physiology/a-z/v/) - 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