Kidney, genitourinary, breast and obstetric exam
Urinary symptoms, kidney and bladder, genitals, breast, the pelvic exam and Leopold maneuvers.
12 pages
Exam technique
- Bladder examination: the distended bladderA full bladder that cannot empty forms a round lump above the pubic bone
- Clinical breast examinationA check of both breasts and armpits, with consent and a chaperone, to find lumps, skin or nipple…
- Gynecologic examination: speculum and bimanual examA check of the external genitals, of the cervix with a speculum, and of the uterus and ovaries…
- Male genital exam: transillumination, cremasteric reflex, Prehn signA respectful check of the penis, scrotum and testes, with consent and a chaperone, to find…
Maneuver
- Kidney palpation: bimanual palpation and ballottementThe kidney is felt with one hand under the back and one on the belly while the patient breathes…
- Leopold maneuversFour hand maneuvers on a pregnant abdomen that show how the baby lies inside the uterus
Syndrome
- Nephrotic vs nephritic syndromeTwo ways the kidney's filter is damaged: one leaks a lot of protein and causes swelling; the…
- Uremic syndrome and the signs of chronic kidney diseaseWhen the kidneys fail, waste builds up in the blood and brings pallor, itching, nausea, bad…
Topic
- The patient with hematuria: glomerular or urologicalBlood in the urine can come from the kidney filters or from anywhere along the urinary tract
- The patient with polyuria: water or solute diuresisPassing large amounts of urine is different from going often
- The patient with proteinuria: transient, orthostatic or persistentProtein in the urine is often harmless and passing, but when it persists it is a sign of kidney…
- Urinary symptoms: dysuria, frequency, oliguria and hematuriaBurning when passing urine, passing urine very often, passing very little, or seeing blood: what…
A to Z
Educational content on the clinical exam; it is learned and practised under supervision. It does not replace assessment by a health professional and is not for self-diagnosis.
Representative model, for educational purposes only.