Applied anatomy and physiology
Ear, nose and sinuses, pharynx, larynx, salivary glands and neck, with the physiology used in clinic.
15 pages
Applied anatomy
- Balance for the clinic: the vestibulo-ocular reflex and nystagmusThe inner ear keeps the eyes steady when the head moves; when one side fails, the eyes drift and…
- Deep neck spaces and cervical lymph node levelsLayers of fascia divide the neck into spaces where infection can spread down to the chest; neck…
- External and middle ear: applied anatomyThe outer ear funnels sound to the eardrum; three tiny bones in the air-filled middle ear pass…
- Facial nerve: course, branches and site of the lesionThe facial nerve moves the face and also carries tears, saliva, taste and the stapedius reflex…
- Hearing for the clinic: conductive and sensorineural lossHearing loss is conductive when sound cannot reach the inner ear and sensorineural when the…
- Inner ear: cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals in the clinicThe inner ear turns sound into nerve signals in the cochlea and senses head movement in the…
- Larynx: cartilages, glottis and laryngeal nervesThe voice box is a frame of cartilages around the vocal folds, moved by two branches of the…
- Nasal cavity, septum and Kiesselbach's plexusEach nasal cavity has a septum in the middle and three turbinates on the side; most nosebleeds…
- Nasal physiology: airflow, the nasal cycle, mucociliary clearance and smellThe nose warms, moistens and cleans the air, alternates which side is more open during the day…
- Oral cavity: subsites, lymph drainage and why they matter in cancerThe mouth is divided into small zones; knowing where a lesion sits tells you which neck nodes it…
- Paranasal sinuses and the ostiomeatal complexFour pairs of air spaces drain into the nose through small openings; when the openings swell…
- Pharynx and Waldeyer's ringThe throat has three parts behind the nose, mouth and larynx, guarded by a ring of tonsils that…
- Salivary glands: parotid, submandibular and sublingualThree pairs of major glands make saliva; stones favour the submandibular gland and tumours the…
- Voice and swallowing: how the larynx and pharynx workVoice comes from air vibrating the vocal folds; swallowing moves food past the airway in about a…
Topic
A to Z
Educational content; it does not replace a medical assessment and is not a clinical instruction. For a real case, follow current guidelines and specialist advice.
Representative model, for educational purposes only.