Lower urinary tract and male genital system
Ureter, bladder, urethra, penis, testis and prostate.
20 pages
Lesion
- Benign prostatic hyperplasiaWith age, the inner prostate grows into nodules of glands and stroma that squeeze the urethra…
- Congenital anomalies of the ureter and bladderDevelopmental errors of the ureters and bladder are common; the ones that matter block urine…
- Cryptorchidism, testicular atrophy and reduced fertilityA testis that stays undescended loses its germ cells and carries a higher risk of cancer; many…
- Cystitis and bladder metaplasiasInflammation of the bladder is usually bacterial, but drugs, radiation, viruses and immune…
- Diseases of the urethraThe urethra is inflamed mainly by sexually transmitted infections; caruncles and rare carcinomas…
- Epididymitis, orchitis and prostatitisInfection usually reaches the epididymis first; mumps and syphilis prefer the testis…
- Non-germ cell testicular tumoursA small share of testicular tumours come from stromal cells or lymphocytes; they make hormones…
- Nonseminomatous germ cell tumoursThese tumours copy embryonic tissues; most are mixtures, and each component carries its own…
- Other bladder tumoursNot all bladder cancers are urothelial: chronic irritation, the urachus, neuroendocrine cells…
- Penile tumoursHPV and chronic inflammation lead to warts, precancerous lesions and squamous cell carcinoma of…
- Prostatic adenocarcinoma: Gleason and grade groupsSmall crowded glands without basal cells infiltrate the peripheral prostate; the Gleason system…
- Seminoma and spermatocytic tumourThe commonest testicular germ cell tumour: sheets of large clear cells divided by bands with…
- Spermatic cord, paratesticular and tunica lesionsMasses beside the testis are mostly benign fluid collections or tumours, but paratesticular…
- Testicular torsionTwisting of the spermatic cord blocks venous outflow first and then arterial supply; the testis…
- The penis: hypospadias, epispadias, phimosis and balanoposthitisThe urethral opening may be misplaced, the foreskin too tight, and poor hygiene lets infection…
- Ureteral and bladder outlet obstructionStones, tumours, fibrosis or the prostate can block urine; the bladder muscle hypertrophies and…
- Urothelial tumours: morphology, grade and stageGrade and depth of invasion decide prognosis: from benign papillomas to carcinoma invading the…
Mechanism
- Prostate cancer: pathogenesisProstate cancer grows on androgens and builds on inherited risk, gene fusions and loss of tumour…
- Urothelial carcinoma: pathogenesisChemicals in urine bathe the whole urothelium, so bladder cancer recurs and can appear anywhere…
Topic
A to Z
Educational content on the mechanisms of disease; not a diagnostic or treatment guide and no substitute for a health professional's advice. No doses are given.
Representative model, for educational purposes only.