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Conditions and injuries

Each condition with its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, and links to the structures involved so you can see them in 3D.

1183 conditions

Abdomen

  • Acute (viral) gastroenteritisAcute inflammation of the stomach and intestines, most often caused by viruses, with sudden diarrhoea, often…
  • Acute appendicitisAcute inflammation of the vermiform appendix, usually after its lumen is blocked. It is the most common…
  • Acute cholangitisA bacterial infection of the bile ducts caused by obstruction and stagnant bile. It can progress quickly to…
  • Acute cholecystitisAcute inflammation of the gallbladder, in about nine out of ten cases caused by a gallstone blocking the…
  • Acute kidney injuryAbrupt fall in kidney function over hours to days, shown by a rise in serum creatinine or a drop in urine…
  • Acute mesenteric ischaemiaA sudden loss of blood flow to the intestine, most often in the superior mesenteric artery, that can quickly…
  • Acute pancreatitisAcute inflammation of the pancreas from premature activation of its digestive enzymes. Most cases are mild…
  • Acute pyelonephritisBacterial infection of the kidney and renal pelvis, usually ascending from the bladder, causing fever, flank…
  • Adrenal insufficiencyInadequate production of cortisol, with or without aldosterone, from disease of the adrenal glands (primary…
  • Amoebic liver abscessA collection of liquefied liver tissue caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which spreads from the…
  • Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney diseaseInherited disorder in which many fluid-filled cysts grow in both kidneys and enlarge them, gradually…
  • CholedocholithiasisPresence of stones in the common bile duct. Most come from the gallbladder (secondary); fewer form in the…
  • Chronic kidney diseaseAbnormal kidney structure or function lasting more than 3 months, with implications for health: an eGFR…
  • Chronic pancreatitisLong-term inflammation of the pancreas that slowly replaces gland tissue with scar, causing chronic pain…
  • CirrhosisThe late stage of chronic liver injury, in which diffuse fibrosis and regenerative nodules replace normal…
  • Coeliac diseaseImmune-mediated disease of the small intestine triggered by gluten (from wheat, barley and rye) in…
  • Colorectal cancerA malignant tumour of the colon or rectum, almost always an adenocarcinoma arising from a polyp, which can…
  • Crohn diseaseChronic, relapsing inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract from mouth to…
  • Cushing syndromeClinical syndrome caused by long-term exposure to excess glucocorticoid (cortisol), most often from steroid…
  • Diverticular disease and diverticulitisDiverticula are small outpouchings of the colon wall (diverticulosis); diverticulitis is their inflammation…
  • Femoral herniaProtrusion of preperitoneal fat or bowel through the femoral canal, below the inguinal ligament, felt as a…
  • Gallbladder cancerMalignant tumour arising from the lining of the gallbladder, usually an adenocarcinoma. Early disease rarely…
  • Gallstones (cholelithiasis)Stones (calculi) in the gallbladder, formed from cholesterol, bilirubin pigment or both. Most people have no…
  • Gastric cancerA malignant tumour of the stomach, almost always an adenocarcinoma, that often causes vague symptoms and is…
  • Helicobacter pylori gastritisChronic inflammation of the stomach lining caused by Helicobacter pylori, a spiral, urease-producing…
  • Hepatocellular carcinomaThe main primary cancer of the liver, arising from hepatocytes, usually in a cirrhotic liver or in chronic…
  • Incisional (ventral) herniaA hernia through a weak area in a previous surgical scar of the abdominal wall, most often after a midline…
  • Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosisThickening of the pyloric muscle in young infants that narrows the stomach outlet and causes progressive…
  • Inguinal herniaProtrusion of abdominal contents, such as fat or bowel, through the inguinal canal or its posterior wall…
  • Intussusception (children)Telescoping of one segment of bowel into the next, most often the end of the ileum into the colon…
  • Irritable bowel syndromeCommon disorder of gut-brain interaction with recurrent abdominal pain linked to bowel movements and a…
  • Kidney stones (urolithiasis)Formation of crystalline stones in the kidney (nephrolithiasis) that may move into the ureter, causing acute…
  • Large bowel obstructionBlockage of the colon or rectum, usually by a mechanical cause such as cancer or volvulus, that stops the…
  • Pancreatic cancerMalignant tumour of the pancreas, almost always a ductal adenocarcinoma. It is often found late, and tumours…
  • Peptic ulcer diseaseA break in the lining of the stomach or duodenum that reaches through the muscularis mucosae, caused by an…
  • PeritonitisInflammation of the peritoneum, usually from infection. Primary peritonitis arises without a breach of the…
  • PhaeochromocytomaRare tumour of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla that releases catecholamines (adrenaline and…
  • Portal hypertensionRaised pressure in the portal venous system, defined by a hepatic venous pressure gradient above the normal…
  • Sigmoid volvulusTwisting of the sigmoid colon around its mesentery, causing a closed-loop large bowel obstruction that can…
  • Small bowel obstructionA blockage of the jejunum or ileum, mechanical or functional, that stops the passage of gut contents and…
  • Splenic injuryDamage to the spleen, from a small capsular tear to complete shattering or loss of its blood supply, usually…
  • Ulcerative colitisChronic inflammatory bowel disease in which inflammation of the colon's mucosa starts in the rectum and…
  • Umbilical herniaProtrusion of fat or bowel through a defect at or next to the umbilical ring. In infants it is a congenital…
  • Upper gastrointestinal bleedingBleeding from the digestive tract above the ligament of Treitz (oesophagus, stomach or duodenum). It ranges…
  • Viral hepatitisInflammation of the liver caused by the hepatotropic viruses A, B, C, D and E. It can be acute and…

Cardiology

Chest

  • AchalasiaA primary motility disorder in which the lower oesophageal sphincter fails to relax on swallowing and…
  • Acute pericarditisAcute inflammation of the pericardium, the sac around the heart, causing sharp chest pain and sometimes a…
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)Acute, diffuse inflammatory lung injury with leaky alveolar capillaries, causing non-cardiogenic pulmonary…
  • Aortic regurgitationBackflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole because the aortic valve does not…
  • Aortic Valve StenosisNarrowing of the aortic valve opening that obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle.
  • AsthmaChronic inflammatory disease of the airways with variable, largely reversible airflow obstruction and…
  • Atrial fibrillationThe most common sustained arrhythmia: disorganised electrical activity in the atria replaces normal sinus…
  • Atrial septal defectAn opening in the interatrial septum that lets blood pass between the atria, usually from left to right. It…
  • Atrioventricular (heart) blockDelay or interruption of conduction from the atria to the ventricles through the atrioventricular node or…
  • BronchiectasisPermanent, abnormal widening of the bronchi with chronic inflammation and poor mucus clearance, causing a…
  • Cardiac tamponadeLife-threatening compression of the heart by fluid, blood or pus in the pericardial sac, which prevents the…
  • Chagas cardiomyopathyChronic heart disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which appears years after infection with…
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)Common, preventable lung disease with persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is not…
  • Coarctation of the aortaA narrowing of the aorta, usually at the isthmus just beyond the left subclavian artery near the ligamentum…
  • Community-acquired pneumoniaAcute infection of the lung parenchyma acquired outside hospital, with new infiltrate on imaging and…
  • CostochondritisInflammation of the cartilage where the ribs join the sternum, causing sharp anterior chest pain that is…
  • Flail chestA segment of chest wall that has lost its bony continuity because several adjacent ribs are each broken in…
  • Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD)Condition in which reflux of stomach contents into the oesophagus causes troublesome symptoms, such as…
  • GynaecomastiaBenign enlargement of the male breast caused by growth of glandular tissue, felt as a firm, rubbery disc…
  • HaemothoraxBlood in the pleural space, most often after chest trauma. A large amount compresses the lung and causes…
  • Heart failureA clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot pump enough blood for the body's needs, or can do so only at…
  • Hypertensive heart diseaseThe changes that long-standing high blood pressure causes in the heart: left ventricular hypertrophy…
  • Infective endocarditisInfection of the endocardial surface of the heart, usually a heart valve, forming vegetations of fibrin…
  • Interstitial lung diseaseA group of disorders that inflame and scar the lung interstitium around the alveoli, causing progressive…
  • Lung cancerMalignant tumour arising from the bronchial or alveolar epithelium, divided into non-small cell lung cancer…
  • Mitral regurgitationBackflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole because the mitral valve does…
  • Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)Death of heart muscle due to prolonged lack of blood supply, usually from a blocked coronary artery. It is a…
  • Oesophageal cancerA malignant tumour of the oesophagus, mostly squamous cell carcinoma (linked to tobacco and alcohol) or…
  • Patent ductus arteriosusPersistence after birth of the ductus arteriosus, the fetal vessel that joins the pulmonary artery to the…
  • Pleural effusionAbnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space, between the parietal and visceral pleura. It is a sign of…
  • PneumothoraxAir in the pleural space that partly or fully collapses the lung. It can be spontaneous, traumatic or…
  • Pulmonary embolismBlockage of a pulmonary artery or its branches, usually by a blood clot that has travelled from the deep…
  • Pulmonary tuberculosisInfection of the lungs by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spread through the air by people with active disease…
  • Rheumatic heart diseasePermanent damage to the heart valves, mainly the mitral and aortic, after one or more episodes of acute…
  • Rib fracturesA break in one or more ribs, usually from blunt chest trauma. The pain limits breathing and coughing, and in…
  • Stable anginaPredictable chest pain or discomfort brought on by exertion or emotion and relieved by rest or nitrates…
  • Tetralogy of FallotA cyanotic congenital heart defect with four features: a ventricular septal defect, right ventricular…
  • Ventricular septal defectAn opening in the interventricular septum that lets blood flow between the ventricles, usually from left to…

Dermatology

  • Abscess, furuncle and carbunclePurulent skin and soft-tissue infections. A skin abscess is a collection of pus in the dermis and…
  • Acanthosis nigricansA skin change with symmetric, hyperpigmented, velvety and thickened plaques in skin folds. It is not a…
  • Acne vulgarisA chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit (hair follicle and sebaceous gland) that produces…
  • Actinic keratosisA common premalignant lesion of sun-exposed skin made of atypical keratinocytes confined to the epidermis…
  • Alopecia areataA chronic, non-scarring autoimmune hair loss in which the immune system attacks growing (anagen) hair…
  • Atopic dermatitisA chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease with intense itch, dry skin and eczematous lesions in…
  • Basal cell carcinomaA slow-growing malignant tumour arising from the basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles, usually on…
  • Bullous pemphigoidThe most common autoimmune blistering disease, in which autoantibodies against hemidesmosome proteins (BP180…
  • Contact dermatitis (irritant and allergic)Inflammation of the skin caused by an external substance. Irritant contact dermatitis is direct, non-immune…
  • Cutaneous and mucocutaneous candidiasisInfection of the skin, nails or mucous membranes by Candida yeasts, mainly Candida albicans, which normally…
  • Cutaneous drug reactions and DRESSSkin reactions caused by medicines are among the most frequent adverse drug events. Most are benign…
  • Cutaneous larva migransA parasitic skin infection caused by larvae of animal hookworms that penetrate human skin but cannot…
  • Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomaA malignant tumour of the keratinocytes of the epidermis, usually on chronically sun-exposed skin. It often…
  • Dermatitis herpetiformisA chronic autoimmune blistering disease that is the cutaneous manifestation of gluten-sensitive enteropathy…
  • Dermatophytosis (tinea) and onychomycosisSuperficial infections of keratinised tissue (stratum corneum, hair and nails) by dermatophyte fungi. They…
  • Diaper dermatitisAn inflammatory rash of the skin covered by a diaper (nappy). The commonest form is irritant contact…
  • Discoid lupus erythematosusThe most common form of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus: an autoimmune, photosensitive dermatosis with…
  • Epidermolysis bullosa acquisitaA chronic acquired autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease caused by autoantibodies against type VII…
  • Erythema multiformeAn acute immune-mediated reaction of the skin and sometimes mucosae, characterised by typical target lesions…
  • Erythema nodosumThe most common form of panniculitis: a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in the subcutaneous fat producing…
  • Hidradenitis suppurativaA chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease of the hair follicle (follicular occlusion) affecting apocrine…
  • ImpetigoA superficial bacterial infection of the epidermis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes…
  • Infantile hemangiomaThe most common benign tumour of infancy: a proliferation of endothelial cells that appears in the first…
  • Kaposi sarcomaA low-grade vascular tumour of lymphatic endothelial origin caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8, Kaposi…
  • Keloid and hypertrophic scarAbnormal fibroproliferative healing responses with excess collagen. A hypertrophic scar is raised but stays…
  • Lichen planusA chronic, T cell–mediated inflammatory disease of the skin, mucous membranes, hair and nails. Skin lesions…
  • Melanocytic nevi and dysplastic nevusBenign proliferations of melanocytes (naevus cells) in the epidermis, dermis or both, appearing as round…
  • MelanomaA malignant tumour of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of the skin (and, less often, of the eye and…
  • MelasmaAn acquired, chronic and relapsing disorder of pigmentation that produces symmetric, light-to-dark brown…
  • Molluscum contagiosumA benign infection of the epidermis caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus, a poxvirus. It produces…
  • Mucous membrane (cicatricial) pemphigoidA group of chronic autoimmune subepithelial blistering diseases that mainly affect mucous membranes (mouth…
  • Pediculosis (head, body and pubic lice)Infestation of the human body by blood-sucking lice: the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis), the body…
  • Pemphigus vulgarisA chronic autoimmune blistering disease in which IgG autoantibodies against desmogleins (the glue proteins…
  • Pityriasis roseaAn acute, self-limited papulosquamous eruption of the trunk and proximal limbs, typically beginning with a…
  • Pityriasis versicolorA chronic, recurrent superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum caused by Malassezia yeasts, which…
  • Polymorphous light eruptionThe most common idiopathic photodermatosis: a delayed immune reaction to ultraviolet (UVA and/or UVB) light…
  • Pressure injury (pressure ulcer)Localised damage to the skin and underlying soft tissue, usually over a bony prominence or under a medical…
  • PsoriasisA chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease in which skin cells multiply too fast, forming…
  • Pyoderma gangrenosumA non-infectious neutrophilic dermatosis in which a tender pustule or nodule breaks down into a rapidly…
  • RosaceaA chronic, relapsing inflammatory disease of the central face characterised by flushing, persistent redness…
  • ScabiesA contagious infestation of the epidermis by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, which causes intense…
  • Seborrheic dermatitisA chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease of the areas rich in sebaceous glands (scalp, eyebrows, sides…
  • Seborrheic keratosisThe most common benign epidermal tumour: a proliferation of keratinocytes that forms a well-defined, waxy…
  • Staphylococcal scalded skin syndromeA blistering disease caused by exfoliative toxins from Staphylococcus aureus, released at a distant, often…
  • Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysisStevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are one spectrum of severe mucocutaneous…
  • Sweet syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis)An acute neutrophilic dermatosis with abrupt onset of tender, red-to-violaceous papules, plaques or nodules…
  • Tungiasis and furuncular myiasisTwo parasitic skin infestations that produce painful nodules and are frequent in rural tropical areas. In…
  • Urticaria and angioedemaUrticaria is a transient eruption of itchy wheals caused by swelling of the superficial dermis. Angioedema…
  • Viral warts (verruca)Benign proliferations of the epidermis caused by infection of keratinocytes with human papillomavirus (HPV)…
  • VitiligoAn acquired, chronic depigmenting disorder in which melanocytes are lost from the epidermis, producing…

Emergency medicine and toxicology

Endocrinology

Gastroenterology and hepatology

Geriatrics

Head and neck

  • Acute angle-closure glaucomaSudden rise in intraocular pressure because the iris blocks the drainage angle of the eye, so aqueous humour…
  • Acute otitis mediaAcute infection of the middle ear with fluid behind a bulging, inflamed eardrum, usually following a cold…
  • Acute rhinosinusitisInflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses lasting less than 4 weeks, with blocked nose or purulent…
  • Age-related macular degenerationProgressive degeneration of the macula in older adults, affecting the retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch…
  • Allergic rhinitisIgE-mediated inflammation of the nasal mucosa after exposure to allergens, with sneezing, itching, watery…
  • Alzheimer diseaseA progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. It typically begins with loss…
  • Bacterial meningitisAcute bacterial infection of the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord. It…
  • Bell palsySudden weakness or paralysis of one side of the face from an idiopathic lesion of the facial nerve (cranial…
  • Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)Brief spells of spinning vertigo triggered by changes in head position, caused by loose otoconia (calcium…
  • Carotid artery stenosisNarrowing of the carotid artery, almost always from atherosclerotic plaque at the bifurcation and origin of…
  • CataractClouding of the eye's lens that scatters light and gradually blurs vision. It is the leading cause of…
  • Cervical lymphadenopathyEnlargement of the lymph nodes of the neck. Most cases are reactive to infection and resolve; persistent…
  • Chalazion and hordeolum (stye)Two common eyelid lumps. A hordeolum (stye) is an acute painful infection of an eyelid gland; a chalazion is…
  • Cleft lip and palateA congenital gap in the upper lip, the palate, or both, caused by incomplete fusion of facial processes in…
  • ConjunctivitisInflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white of the eye…
  • Deep neck infection and Ludwig anginaA bacterial infection, cellulitis or abscess, in the spaces between the deep layers of cervical fascia…
  • Dental cariesLocalised destruction of tooth enamel, then dentine, by acids that plaque bacteria make from dietary sugars…
  • Diabetic retinopathyDamage to the small blood vessels of the retina caused by long-standing diabetes. It ranges from leaky…
  • Epidural haematomaA collection of blood between the inner table of the skull and the dura mater, usually after a skull…
  • Epilepsy and seizuresA brain disorder with an enduring tendency to unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a transient burst of…
  • Epistaxis (nosebleed)Bleeding from the nose. Most cases are anterior, from Kiesselbach's plexus (Little's area) on the nasal…
  • Giant cell arteritisGranulomatous vasculitis of large and medium arteries in people over 50, typically the branches of the…
  • GlioblastomaThe most common and most aggressive primary malignant brain tumour in adults, arising from glial cells. It…
  • GoitreEnlargement of the thyroid gland, diffuse or nodular, which may occur with normal, low or high thyroid…
  • Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)Autoimmune disease in which antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor, making the thyroid overproduce hormone…
  • HydrocephalusAbnormal build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, which enlarge and may raise…
  • HypothyroidismDeficiency of thyroid hormone that slows the body's metabolism. It is usually primary, from failure of the…
  • Intracerebral haemorrhageBleeding directly into the brain tissue from a ruptured small artery, causing a sudden focal deficit…
  • Ischaemic strokeSudden loss of brain function caused by blockage of an artery supplying the brain, so that part of the brain…
  • Laryngeal cancerMalignant tumour of the larynx, almost always squamous cell carcinoma. It can arise above, at or below the…
  • Mandible fractureBreak of the mandible (lower jaw), often at more than one site because the bone forms a ring with the two…
  • Ménière diseaseInner ear disorder with recurrent attacks of vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus and…
  • MigraineA common primary headache disorder with recurrent attacks of usually one-sided, throbbing headache with…
  • Multiple sclerosisA chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system in which inflammation destroys myelin and…
  • MumpsAn acute viral infection caused by the mumps virus (a paramyxovirus) that typically produces painful…
  • NeurocysticercosisInfection of the brain by the larval cysts of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. It is the commonest parasitic…
  • Obstructive sleep apnoeaRepeated partial or complete collapse of the upper airway during sleep, causing pauses in breathing, drops…
  • Open-angle glaucomaChronic, progressive optic neuropathy in which retinal ganglion cell axons are lost, the optic disc becomes…
  • Orbital cellulitisInfection of the soft tissues of the orbit behind the orbital septum, usually spreading from the ethmoid…
  • Orbital floor (blowout) fractureFracture of the orbital floor (and sometimes the medial wall) caused by a blow to the eye, with the orbital…
  • Otitis externaInflammation and infection of the external ear canal, usually bacterial. Often called «swimmer's ear»…
  • Parkinson diseaseA progressive neurodegenerative disease caused mainly by loss of dopamine-producing neurones in the…
  • Parotid gland tumoursA benign or malignant neoplasm of the parotid gland. Most are benign, chiefly pleomorphic adenoma and…
  • PeriodontitisChronic inflammation of the tissues that support the teeth, driven by bacterial plaque, which destroys the…
  • Peritonsillar abscessCollection of pus between the capsule of the palatine tonsil and the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle…
  • Pituitary adenomaA benign tumour of the anterior pituitary gland. It can cause symptoms by secreting excess hormone, by…
  • Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss)Gradual, bilateral, symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss that comes with ageing, affecting high…
  • Primary hyperparathyroidismExcess parathyroid hormone made by one or more parathyroid glands, usually a single benign adenoma, causing…
  • Retinal detachmentSeparation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium, cutting off its blood…
  • Sialolithiasis (salivary stones)Formation of a calculus (stone) inside a salivary gland or its duct, which blocks saliva flow and causes…
  • Strabismus and amblyopiaStrabismus is misalignment of the eyes; amblyopia («lazy eye») is reduced vision in an eye whose visual…
  • Streptococcal pharyngitisAcute infection of the pharynx and palatine tonsils by group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). It…
  • Subarachnoid haemorrhageBleeding into the subarachnoid space around the brain. Non-traumatic cases are most often due to a ruptured…
  • Subdural haematomaA collection of blood between the dura mater and the arachnoid, usually from torn bridging veins. It can be…
  • Temporomandibular disorderA group of painful or dysfunctional conditions of the temporomandibular joint and the chewing muscles…
  • Tension-type headacheA primary headache with bilateral pressing or tightening pain of mild to moderate intensity, not worsened by…
  • Thyroid cancer (papillary)A malignant tumour of the thyroid. Papillary carcinoma is by far the most common type and usually has an…
  • Thyroid noduleA discrete lesion within the thyroid gland that is distinct from the surrounding tissue on palpation or…
  • Transient ischaemic attackA brief episode of focal neurological dysfunction caused by ischaemia of the brain, spinal cord or retina…
  • Traumatic brain injuryBrain damage caused by an external force such as a blow, fall or acceleration–deceleration. It ranges from…
  • Trigeminal neuralgiaA chronic pain disorder with sudden, brief, electric shock-like attacks of pain in one or more divisions of…
  • UveitisInflammation of the uvea, the pigmented middle layer of the eye made up of the iris, ciliary body and…
  • Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)Benign, slow-growing tumour of the Schwann cells of the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve…

Hematology and oncology

Infectious and tropical diseases

Knee

  • ACL TearPartial or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament, usually from a sudden stop, pivot or awkward…
  • Baker's (Popliteal) CystFluid-filled swelling in the popliteal fossa, usually communicating with the knee joint.
  • Gout of the KneeCrystal arthropathy from monosodium urate crystals. The first attack is usually the big toe (podagra); the…
  • Iliotibial Band SyndromeOveruse irritation where the iliotibial band rubs over the lateral femoral epicondyle, common in runners.
  • Knee OsteoarthritisGradual wear of the articular cartilage of the knee joint.
  • MCL Sprain or TearInjury to the medial collateral ligament from a blow to the outer side of the knee or a twisting fall.
  • Meniscus TearTear of the C-shaped cartilage cushion between the femur and tibia.
  • Osgood–Schlatter DiseaseTraction apophysitis of the tibial tubercle in growing adolescents from repeated pull of the patellar tendon.
  • Patellar DislocationThe kneecap moves out of its groove, usually laterally, after a twisting injury or direct blow.
  • Patellar fractureA break of the kneecap (patella). Displaced fractures can disrupt the extensor mechanism and leave the…
  • Patellar TendinopathyOveruse injury of the patellar tendon, common in jumping sports.
  • Patellofemoral Pain SyndromePain around or behind the kneecap that worsens with squatting, stairs, or prolonged sitting.
  • PCL InjuryTear of the posterior cruciate ligament, most often from a dashboard injury or fall onto a flexed knee.
  • Popliteal Artery InjuryInjury to the artery behind the knee, usually from high-energy trauma or knee dislocation. Limb-threatening…
  • Prepatellar BursitisInflammation of the bursa in front of the kneecap, often from repetitive kneeling.
  • Pseudogout (CPPD) of the KneeCalcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease. The knee is its most common joint.
  • Septic Arthritis of the KneeInfection inside the knee joint, most often bacterial. Medical emergency.
  • Tibial Plateau FractureBreak of the proximal tibia that involves the articular surface.

Lower limb

  • Acetabular Labral TearTear of the cartilage rim that deepens the hip socket, often from trauma or femoroacetabular impingement.
  • Achilles TendinopathyOveruse condition of the Achilles tendon causing pain and thickening, usually in the midportion or at the…
  • Achilles tendon ruptureA partial or complete tear of the Achilles tendon, the common tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus that…
  • Acute compartment syndromeA surgical emergency in which pressure rises inside a closed muscle compartment until blood flow to its…
  • Acute limb ischaemiaA sudden fall in blood flow to a limb that threatens its survival, usually from an embolus or a thrombus in…
  • Ankle fractureA break of one or more of the malleoli (the lower ends of the tibia and fibula), often with ligament injury…
  • Avascular necrosis of the femoral headDeath of bone in the femoral head caused by loss of its blood supply, which can lead to collapse of the head…
  • Cellulitis of the legAcute bacterial infection of the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the leg, with spreading redness…
  • Chronic venous insufficiencyLong-standing high pressure in the leg veins (venous hypertension) from faulty valves or blocked veins…
  • Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus)A congenital deformity in which the foot points down and turns inward, with a high arch, forefoot adduction…
  • Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve InjuryInjury to the common fibular nerve as it wraps around the fibular neck, causing foot drop.
  • Deep vein thrombosisA blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, most often of the leg or pelvis. Together with pulmonary embolism it…
  • Developmental dysplasia of the hipAbnormal development of the infant hip in which the acetabulum is shallow and the femoral head is unstable…
  • Diabetic footFoot problems caused by diabetes: ulcers, infection and tissue loss that arise from the combination of nerve…
  • Femoral Neck FractureBreak in the neck of the femur, common in older adults after a fall, and in younger people after high-energy…
  • Femoral shaft fractureA fracture of the diaphysis of the femur, between the region below the lesser trochanter and the area just…
  • Flatfoot (pes planus)Loss or lowering of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, often with heel valgus and forefoot abduction…
  • Greater Trochanteric Pain SyndromePain over the outer hip, often from gluteal tendinopathy or bursitis rather than pure bursitis alone.
  • Hallux valgus (bunion)A forefoot deformity in which the big toe drifts toward the second toe and the first metatarsal drifts…
  • Hamstring StrainTear or overstretch of one or more of the hamstring muscles, common in sprinting and sudden acceleration.
  • Hip dislocationDisplacement of the femoral head out of the acetabulum. In a native hip it needs high-energy trauma, and…
  • Hip OsteoarthritisGradual wear of the cartilage in the hip joint, leading to pain and reduced motion.
  • Intertrochanteric hip fractureA hip fracture through the femur between the greater and lesser trochanters, outside the joint capsule…
  • Lateral Ankle SprainInjury to the ligaments on the outer side of the ankle, usually from an inversion force.
  • Legg-Calvé-Perthes diseaseIdiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head in a growing child, followed by fragmentation and slow…
  • LymphoedemaChronic swelling of a limb caused by build-up of protein-rich fluid in the tissues because the lymphatic…
  • Medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splints)Exercise-related pain along the inner (posteromedial) border of the lower two-thirds of the tibia, known as…
  • Meralgia parestheticaBurning pain, tingling and numbness of the outer front thigh caused by compression of the lateral femoral…
  • Metatarsal fractures (including stress fractures)A break in one of the five metatarsal bones of the forefoot, either acute from injury or a stress fracture…
  • Morton neuromaA painful thickening of a common plantar digital nerve, most often in the third web space between the third…
  • OsteomyelitisInfection of bone, which may be acute or chronic, and spreads through the blood, from nearby tissue (such as…
  • Peripheral artery diseaseNarrowing or blockage of the arteries of the legs, usually from atherosclerosis, which reduces blood flow to…
  • Piriformis syndromeButtock pain, often spreading down the back of the thigh, attributed to irritation or compression of the…
  • Plantar FasciitisOverload of the plantar fascia causing heel pain, especially with the first steps in the morning.
  • Sciatica (Lumbar Radiculopathy)Pain, numbness or weakness radiating down the leg from compression or irritation of a lumbar nerve root…
  • Slipped capital femoral epiphysisA hip disorder of adolescence in which the femoral head (the capital epiphysis) slips off the femoral neck…
  • Tarsal tunnel syndromeCompression of the tibial nerve or its plantar branches in the tarsal tunnel, the space behind the medial…
  • Tibial shaft fractureA fracture of the middle part (diaphysis) of the tibia, often with a fibular fracture. It is the most common…
  • Varicose veinsDilated, twisted superficial leg veins, usually of the great or small saphenous system, caused by failure of…
  • Venous leg ulcerA chronic wound of the lower leg caused by venous hypertension, typically in the gaiter area above the…

Metabolism (biochemistry)

  • Acetaminophen toxicityLiver injury, sometimes kidney injury, from too much acetaminophen (paracetamol), in one ingestion or…
  • Alcoholic liver disease (biochemistry)A spectrum of liver injury from prolonged heavy drinking, from reversible fatty liver to alcoholic hepatitis…
  • Cadmium poisoningPoisoning by cadmium, a heavy metal with no biological role that accumulates over decades, mainly in the…
  • Disulfiram–ethanol reactionA toxic reaction that appears when alcohol is drunk while aldehyde dehydrogenase is inhibited by disulfiram…
  • Ethylene glycol poisoningPoisoning by ethylene glycol, the sweet-tasting alcohol in antifreeze and brake fluids, which the liver…
  • Mercury poisoningPoisoning by elemental mercury (vapour), inorganic salts or organic compounds such as methylmercury, which…
  • Methanol poisoningPoisoning by methyl alcohol, usually swallowed in adulterated drinks, which the liver turns into…

Metabolism (biochemistry)

  • AmyloidosisA group of diseases in which a misfolded plasma protein is laid down outside cells as cross-β-sheet fibrils…
  • Ehlers–Danlos syndromeA set of 13 inherited connective-tissue disorders (2017 classification) caused by faults in the synthesis…
  • Multiple myelomaA neoplasm of a plasma-cell clone in the bone marrow that makes a monoclonal immunoglobulin or light chain…
  • Osteogenesis imperfectaA group of inherited connective-tissue disorders, nearly always from COL1A1 or COL1A2 variants, with bone…
  • Prion diseases (Creutzfeldt–Jakob)Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies caused by build-up of PrPSc, the misfolded form of the prion…
  • α1-antitrypsin deficiencyA codominant genetic disorder from SERPINA1 variants (mainly the Z allele) that lower blood α1-antitrypsin…

Metabolism (biochemistry)

Metabolism (biochemistry)

Metabolism (biochemistry)

Metabolism (biochemistry)

Metabolism (biochemistry)

Metabolism (biochemistry)

Metabolism (biochemistry)

Metabolism (biochemistry)

  • High anion gap metabolic acidosisA metabolic acidosis in which an acid with an unmeasured anion is added to plasma, uses up bicarbonate and…
  • HypercalcaemiaA high serum calcium (corrected or ionised) from excess bone resorption, gut absorption or renal reabsorption.
  • HyperkalaemiaA high serum potassium from reduced renal excretion, potassium leaving cells or excess intake; the cause of…
  • HypernatraemiaA high serum sodium that nearly always reflects a deficit of free water relative to sodium, with…
  • HypocalcaemiaA low ionised calcium, from lack of PTH, lack of or resistance to vitamin D, or calcium being deposited or…
  • HypokalaemiaA low serum potassium from renal or gut losses, a shift of potassium into cells or, rarely, poor intake.
  • HyponatraemiaA low serum sodium, nearly always from a relative excess of water retained under antidiuretic hormone (ADH)…
  • Metabolic alkalosisA primary rise in plasma bicarbonate with high pH, sustained because the kidney reabsorbs it when volume…
  • Normal anion gap (hyperchloraemic) metabolic acidosisA metabolic acidosis from bicarbonate loss or failure of the kidney to excrete acid, with high chloride and…
  • Refeeding syndromeSevere fluid and electrolyte disturbances (above all hypophosphataemia) and thiamine deficiency that appear…
  • Respiratory acidosisA primary rise in pCO₂ (hypercapnia) from alveolar hypoventilation, with a fall in pH; it may be acute or…
  • Respiratory alkalosisA primary fall in pCO₂ (hypocapnia) from hyperventilation, with a rise in pH; acute or chronic and…
  • Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)ADH release or action not suppressed by low osmolality, causing euvolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia with…

Metabolism: amino acids and the urea cycle

  • AlkaptonuriaAn inherited disease from lack of homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase. Homogentisic acid builds up, appears in…
  • Carcinoid syndromeA set of symptoms from substances (mainly serotonin) released by a well-differentiated neuroendocrine…
  • CystinuriaAn inherited disorder of amino acid transport in the renal proximal tubule and the gut. Cystine, ornithine…
  • Hartnup diseaseAn inherited disorder of the neutral amino acid transporter B⁰AT1 in the gut and renal tubule. Neutral amino…
  • HomocystinuriaA group of inherited diseases with very high homocysteine in blood and urine. The classic form is due to…
  • HyperammonaemiaA rise in plasma ammonia from more production or less removal. It is a feature shared by many diseases.
  • Maple syrup urine diseaseAn inherited organic acidaemia from lack of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDH).
  • Methylmalonic acidaemiaAn inherited organic acidaemia from lack of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase or of the synthesis of its cofactor…
  • Oculocutaneous albinismInherited failure of melanin production in melanocytes. Type 1 is due to lack of tyrosinase, the enzyme that…
  • Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiencyAn X-linked inherited disease from lack of ornithine transcarbamylase, the second enzyme of the urea cycle.
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)An inherited disease in which liver phenylalanine hydroxylase activity is missing. Phenylalanine rises in…
  • Propionic acidaemiaAn inherited organic acidaemia from lack of propionyl-CoA carboxylase, a biotin-dependent enzyme.
  • Tyrosinaemia type I (hepatorenal)An inherited disease from lack of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, the last enzyme of tyrosine breakdown.

Metabolism: carbohydrates and glycogen

Metabolism: cholesterol and lipoproteins

Metabolism: fatty acids and ketones

Metabolism: heme, bilirubin and iron

  • Acute intermittent porphyriaAcute hepatic porphyria caused by partial (about 50 %) deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase (HMBS gene)…
  • Crigler-Najjar syndromeSevere unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia from absent (type 1) or markedly reduced (type 2) liver UGT1A1.
  • Dubin-Johnson syndromeChronic conjugated hyperbilirubinemia from failure of the canalicular transporter MRP2 (ABCC2 gene), with…
  • Erythropoietic protoporphyriaA cutaneous porphyria due to low ferrochelatase activity (or, in the X-linked form, excess ALAS2) that piles…
  • Gilbert syndromeMild, fluctuating unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia from reduced expression of liver UGT1A1, without hemolysis…
  • Hereditary hemochromatosisPrimary iron overload from lack of hepcidin (or resistance to it), nearly always due to HFE C282Y…
  • Lead poisoningAcute or chronic poisoning with inorganic lead, which inhibits sulfhydryl enzymes, including ALA dehydratase…
  • MethemoglobinemiaA rise in methemoglobin (heme iron in the Fe³⁺ state) above normal (1–2 %), acquired from oxidants or…
  • Neonatal jaundiceHyperbilirubinemia of the newborn, usually unconjugated; it may be physiological or pathological (hemolysis…
  • Porphyria cutanea tardaChronic cutaneous porphyria caused by low uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity in the liver, which builds…
  • Rotor syndromeMild conjugated and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia from combined absence of the OATP1B1 and OATP1B3…
  • Sickle cell diseaseA group of hemoglobinopathies with HbS (β6 Glu→Val): HbSS (sickle cell anemia), HbSC and HbS/β-thalassemia…
  • Thalassemias (α and β)Quantitative hemoglobinopathies from reduced synthesis of α chains (HBA1/HBA2 genes, usually deletions) or β…

Metabolism: mitochondria and energy

Metabolism: purines and pyrimidines

  • Adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID)Autosomal recessive adenosine deaminase deficiency causing severe combined immunodeficiency (no T, B or NK…
  • Hereditary orotic aciduriaAutosomal recessive UMP synthase deficiency that blocks pyrimidine synthesis: orotic acid builds up and a…
  • Hereditary xanthinuriaAutosomal recessive deficiency of xanthine oxidoreductase (type I) or of it together with aldehyde oxidase…
  • Lesch-Nyhan syndromeComplete deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1 gene, X-linked) that causes…
  • Tumour lysis syndromeA set of metabolic disturbances (hyperuricaemia, hyperkalaemia, hyperphosphataemia and hypocalcaemia) from…

Nephrology and urology

Neurology

Obstetrics and gynecology

Ophthalmology and ENT

Pediatrics and neonatology

Pelvis

  • Abnormal uterine bleedingBleeding from the uterus that is abnormal in frequency, regularity, duration or volume, or that occurs…
  • AdenomyosisA benign condition in which endometrial glands and stroma grow inside the myometrium, making the uterus…
  • Anorectal abscess and fistulaA collection of pus in the spaces around the anus and rectum, usually from an infected anal gland. A chronic…
  • Bacterial vaginosisA change in the vaginal flora in which protective lactobacilli are replaced by a mix of anaerobic bacteria…
  • Bartholin gland cyst and abscessA fluid-filled swelling of a Bartholin gland, at the back of the vulvar vestibule, caused by blockage of its…
  • Bladder cancerA malignant tumour of the bladder lining, most often urothelial carcinoma, that typically presents with…
  • Cervical cancerA malignant tumour of the uterine cervix, almost always caused by persistent infection with high-risk human…
  • Chlamydia infectionA sexually transmitted infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that affects men and women. It is usually…
  • DysmenorrhoeaPainful menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhoea is cramping pain with no pelvic disease; secondary dysmenorrhoea…
  • Ectopic pregnancyA pregnancy that implants outside the uterine cavity, most often in the ampulla of the uterine tube. It…
  • Endometrial cancerA malignant tumour arising from the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It usually presents early with…
  • EndometriosisA chronic, oestrogen-dependent inflammatory disease in which endometrium-like tissue grows outside the…
  • GonorrhoeaA sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae that affects men and women…
  • HaemorrhoidsEnlarged, symptomatic vascular cushions of the anal canal. Internal haemorrhoids arise above the dentate…
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) infectionInfection with human papillomavirus, a DNA virus passed mainly by sexual skin-to-skin contact. Most…
  • Miscarriage (early pregnancy loss)Spontaneous loss of an intrauterine pregnancy before the fetus can survive, usually defined as before 20…
  • Molar pregnancy (hydatidiform mole)An abnormal pregnancy in which the placenta (trophoblast) grows as swollen, fluid-filled villi due to an…
  • Obstetric perineal tears and anal sphincter injuryTears of the perineum and vagina during vaginal birth, graded from first to fourth degree. Third- and…
  • Ovarian cancerA malignant tumour of the ovary, the uterine tube or the peritoneum. Most are epithelial cancers, and the…
  • Ovarian cystA fluid-filled sac in or on the ovary. Most are functional cysts linked to the menstrual cycle that resolve…
  • Ovarian torsionPartial or complete twisting of the ovary on its supporting ligaments, often together with the uterine tube…
  • Pelvic inflammatory diseaseInfection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract (endometrium, uterine tubes, ovaries and pelvic…
  • Pelvic organ prolapseDescent of one or more pelvic organs (bladder, uterus or vaginal vault, rectum or small bowel) into or…
  • Placenta praeviaA placenta implanted in the lower uterine segment that covers or lies very close to the internal cervical…
  • Placental abruptionSeparation of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall before the baby is born, after 20 weeks…
  • Polycystic ovary syndromeA common endocrine and metabolic disorder of reproductive age, defined by combinations of ovulatory…
  • Postpartum haemorrhageExcessive bleeding after birth, classically defined as cumulative blood loss of 1000 mL or more, or any loss…
  • PreeclampsiaA pregnancy disorder with new high blood pressure after 20 weeks and either proteinuria or signs of organ…
  • Rectal prolapseProtrusion of the rectum through the anus. In full-thickness prolapse the whole rectal wall turns inside…
  • Stress urinary incontinenceInvoluntary leakage of urine on effort or exertion, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, lifting or…
  • TrichomoniasisA sexually transmitted infection caused by the flagellated protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. It infects the…
  • Urinary tract infection (acute cystitis)Bacterial infection of the lower urinary tract with inflammation of the bladder (cystitis), most often from…
  • Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas)Benign smooth-muscle tumours of the myometrium (leiomyomas), the most common pelvic tumour in women of…
  • Vulvovaginal candidiasisInflammation of the vulva and vagina caused by Candida yeasts, mainly Candida albicans. It causes itching…

pelvis_m

  • Benign prostatic hyperplasiaNon-cancerous growth of the prostate's transition zone around the urethra, common in ageing men. It can…
  • Cryptorchidism (undescended testis)A testis that is not in the bottom of the scrotum and cannot be brought there, because it stopped along its…
  • EpididymitisInflammation of the epididymis, usually from infection, causing gradual pain and swelling at the back of the…
  • Erectile dysfunctionPersistent or recurrent inability to achieve or keep an erection firm enough for satisfactory sexual…
  • HydroceleA collection of fluid between the layers of the tunica vaginalis around the testis, causing a painless…
  • HypospadiasCongenital anomaly in which the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis, from just below the tip…
  • Peyronie diseaseAcquired fibrous scarring of the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa, forming a plaque that causes…
  • PhimosisInability to retract the foreskin (prepuce) over the glans penis. It is normal (physiological) in young boys…
  • PriapismA full or partial erection that lasts more than four hours (a widely used cut-off) and is unrelated to, or…
  • Prostate cancerA malignant tumour of the prostate, mostly acinar adenocarcinoma arising in the peripheral zone. It ranges…
  • ProstatitisInflammation of the prostate. This page focuses on acute bacterial prostatitis, a sudden infection of the…
  • Testicular cancerMalignant tumour of the testis, most often a germ cell tumour (seminoma or non-seminoma). It usually…
  • Testicular torsionTwisting of the spermatic cord that cuts off blood flow to the testis. It is a surgical emergency: the…
  • VaricoceleDilated, tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus in the spermatic cord. Usually left-sided, it is the most…

Psychiatry

Pulmonology

Rheumatology

Spine

  • Abdominal aortic aneurysmPermanent dilation of the abdominal aorta to 3 cm or more (about 1.5 times normal), most often below the…
  • Ankylosing spondylitisChronic inflammatory arthritis of the spine and sacroiliac joints, part of the spondyloarthritis family…
  • Aortic dissectionA tear in the inner layer (intima) of the aorta that lets blood enter the media and split the wall, creating…
  • Cauda equina syndromeCompression of several lumbar and sacral nerve roots of the cauda equina, below the end of the spinal cord…
  • Cervical radiculopathyDysfunction of a cervical nerve root, usually from compression where it leaves the spine, causing neck and…
  • Cervical SpondylosisAge-related wear of the cervical discs and facet joints that can narrow the spinal canal or foramina.
  • Degenerative cervical myelopathySlowly progressive dysfunction of the cervical spinal cord caused by narrowing of the canal from age-related…
  • Guillain-Barré syndromeAcute immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy that causes rapidly progressive, usually symmetrical weakness…
  • Herpes zoster (shingles)Painful vesicular rash in one dermatome caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus that has stayed…
  • Lumbar Disc HerniationDisplacement of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus, most often at L4–L5 or L5–S1, which can…
  • Lumbar spinal stenosisNarrowing of the lumbar spinal canal, lateral recesses or foramina that compresses the cauda equina or nerve…
  • Mechanical low back painPain between the lower ribs and the gluteal folds that comes from the spine's muscles, ligaments, joints or…
  • Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractureCollapse of the front of a vertebral body in bone weakened by osteoporosis, after little or no trauma. It is…
  • Sacroiliac joint painPain arising from the sacroiliac joint or its ligaments, felt in the low back and buttock below the level of…
  • ScoliosisThree-dimensional deformity of the spine with a side curve of 10 degrees or more measured by the Cobb angle…
  • Spina bifida (myelomeningocele)Neural tube defect in which the vertebral arches fail to close and the spinal cord and its coverings…
  • Spinal cord injuryDamage to the spinal cord, usually from trauma, that disrupts motor, sensory and autonomic function below…
  • Spinal epidural abscessCollection of pus in the epidural space between the dura and the vertebral canal that can compress the…
  • Spinal tuberculosis (Pott disease)Infection of the vertebrae and discs by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually spread through the blood from…
  • SpondylolisthesisForward slip of one vertebral body over the one below, most often L5 on S1 or L4 on L5. It may cause low…
  • TorticollisAbnormal twisted posture of the head and neck: the head tilts to one side while the chin turns to the other…
  • Vertebral osteomyelitisInfection of the vertebral bodies and the disc between them (spondylodiscitis), most often bacterial and…
  • Whiplash (cervical sprain)Soft-tissue injury of the neck from sudden acceleration and deceleration, most often in a rear-end car…

Surgery and trauma

Systemic conditions

  • AnaphylaxisA severe, potentially life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction that starts suddenly after…
  • Arterial hypertensionPersistently raised blood pressure in the arteries. It is usually silent for years but is the main…
  • Atherosclerosis and dyslipidaemiaAtherosclerosis is the slow build-up of fatty, inflamed plaques inside the walls of medium and large…
  • Chagas diseaseA parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, mainly spread by triatomine bugs. After an often silent…
  • ChikungunyaA viral illness caused by the chikungunya virus, spread by Aedes mosquitoes, with sudden high fever and…
  • DengueAn acute viral infection caused by the four dengue virus serotypes and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Most…
  • GoutAn inflammatory arthritis caused by monosodium urate crystals depositing in and around joints when uric acid…
  • HIV infection and AIDSA chronic infection by the human immunodeficiency virus, which destroys CD4 T lymphocytes; without treatment…
  • Hypovolaemic shockA life-threatening state of poor tissue perfusion caused by loss of intravascular volume, from bleeding…
  • Iron deficiency anaemiaAnaemia caused by too little iron to make haemoglobin, so red cells become small (microcytic) and pale…
  • LeishmaniasisA group of diseases caused by Leishmania protozoa, transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. It affects…
  • LeptospirosisA zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Leptospira species, acquired through contact with water or soil…
  • MalariaA parasitic infection by Plasmodium species, spread by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes…
  • Metabolic syndromeA cluster of linked cardiometabolic risk factors (central obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting…
  • ObesityA chronic disease of excess body fat that harms health, usually defined in adults by a body mass index (BMI)…
  • OsteoporosisA skeletal disease of low bone mass and deteriorated bone microarchitecture that makes bones fragile, so…
  • Rheumatoid arthritisA chronic autoimmune inflammatory arthritis that attacks the synovial lining of joints, usually small joints…
  • Sepsis and septic shockLife-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Septic shock is the…
  • SyphilisA sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum that progresses through stages over years and…
  • Systemic lupus erythematosusA chronic autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies and immune complexes inflame many organs, mainly skin…
  • TuberculosisAn infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spread through the air, that mainly affects the lungs but…
  • Type 1 diabetes mellitusA chronic disease in which the immune system destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas…
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitusA chronic metabolic disease in which insulin resistance and a progressive failure of the pancreatic beta…
  • Zika virus infectionA flavivirus infection spread mainly by Aedes mosquitoes, usually mild with rash and conjunctivitis, but…

thorax_f

  • Acute mastitisInflammation of the breast, usually during breastfeeding, that causes a painful, red, warm area and often…
  • Breast abscessA localised collection of pus in the breast, usually as a complication of lactational mastitis or, outside…
  • Breast cancerMalignant tumour arising from the epithelial cells of the breast's ducts or lobules. It is the most common…
  • Breast fibroadenomaBenign tumour of the breast made of glandular (epithelial) and connective (stromal) tissue. It is the most…
  • Fibrocystic breast changesVery common benign changes of the breast tissue, with lumpiness, cysts and pain that typically vary with the…

Upper limb

  • Acromioclavicular joint separationInjury of the joint between the acromion and the outer end of the clavicle, from a sprain of its capsule and…
  • Axillary nerve injuryDamage to the axillary nerve, the branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus that wraps around the…
  • Biceps tendon ruptureTear of a tendon of the biceps brachii, either proximally at the shoulder (almost always the long head) or…
  • Boxer fracture (fifth metacarpal neck)A fracture of the neck of the fifth metacarpal, just behind the knuckle of the little finger, typically from…
  • Brachial plexus injuryDamage to the network of nerves formed by the C5–T1 roots that supplies the upper limb, usually from…
  • Carpal tunnel syndromeCompression of the median nerve as it passes under the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) at…
  • Clavicle fractureBreak of the collarbone, one of the most common fractures at all ages, usually in its middle third. Most…
  • Cubital tunnel syndrome (ulnar neuropathy at the elbow)Compression or irritation of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, behind the medial epicondyle and under the two…
  • De Quervain tenosynovitisPainful narrowing of the tendon sheath of the first dorsal compartment of the wrist, which holds the…
  • Distal radius fracture (Colles)A fracture of the distal radius, typically within a few centimetres of the wrist. In the Colles type, the…
  • Dupuytren contractureA benign fibroproliferative disorder of the palmar fascia (palmar aponeurosis) in which nodules and cords…
  • Elbow dislocationLoss of contact between the humerus and the ulna and radius at the elbow, nearly always with the forearm…
  • Flexor tendon injuryPartial or complete division of the tendons that bend the fingers and thumb (flexor digitorum profundus…
  • Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)Painful stiffening of the shoulder joint caused by inflammation and then fibrosis and contraction of the…
  • Ganglion cystA benign, fluid-filled swelling arising from a joint capsule or tendon sheath, most often on the back of the…
  • Humeral shaft fractureA fracture of the shaft (diaphysis) of the humerus, between the surgical neck and the area just above the…
  • Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)A painful tendinopathy of the common extensor origin at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, mainly the…
  • Mallet fingerLoss of active extension of the fingertip at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint caused by disruption of…
  • Medial epicondylitis (golfer's elbow)A degenerative tendinopathy of the common flexor-pronator origin at the medial epicondyle of the humerus…
  • Olecranon bursitisInflammation of the superficial bursa over the tip of the elbow, which fills with fluid and forms a soft…
  • Proximal humerus fractureA break of the upper end of the humerus: the head, the anatomical or surgical neck, or the greater and…
  • Radial head subluxation (pulled elbow)Partial slipping of the annular ligament over the head of the radius, so that the ligament becomes caught in…
  • Raynaud phenomenonEpisodes of exaggerated narrowing of the small arteries of the fingers (and sometimes toes, ears or nose)…
  • Rheumatoid arthritis of the hand and wristInvolvement of the hand and wrist by rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic autoimmune synovitis. It typically…
  • Rotator cuff tearA partial or full-thickness tear of one or more rotator cuff tendons, most often the supraspinatus. It…
  • Scaphoid fractureFracture of the scaphoid, the most commonly fractured carpal bone, usually from a fall on the outstretched…
  • Shoulder dislocationLoss of contact between the humeral head and the glenoid of the scapula. The glenohumeral joint is the most…
  • Subacromial impingement syndromeShoulder pain caused by compression and irritation of the rotator cuff tendons (mainly supraspinatus) and…
  • Supracondylar humerus fractureFracture of the distal humerus just above the condyles, the most common elbow fracture in children. Most are…
  • Thoracic outlet syndromeA group of disorders caused by compression of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery or subclavian vein as…
  • Trigger fingerStenosing tenosynovitis in which a flexor tendon catches at a thickened A1 pulley at the base of the finger…
  • Volkmann ischaemic contracturePermanent flexion deformity of the wrist and fingers caused by death and scarring of forearm muscles after…
  • Winged scapulaAbnormal prominence of the medial border of the shoulder blade, which lifts off the chest wall, most often…

Vitamins and minerals

Representative model, for educational purposes only.